Analysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter

Marin Fallon Mrs. Janosy English 2H 23 November 2015 Sin in the The Scarlet Letter The story of The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne is one with many twists and turns. A young woman moves to Boston, Massachusetts while her husband takes care of affairs in England. After two years pass she secretly has an affair with the Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale. When she becomes pregnant and gives birth to her daughter Pearl, the town punishes her for committing the act of adultery. She is sentenced to stand on the town scaffold for public embarrassment and to wear a letter â€Å"A† on her bosom for the rest of her life. As she stands there she sees her husband from England in the crowd, who later threatens to find the father of the child and seek his†¦show more content†¦He knew that he was going to commit a sin but he did not know what the repercussions would be. â€Å"In a word, Old Roger Chillingworth was a striking evidence of man’s faculty of transforming himself into a devil, if he will only, for a reasonable spac e of time, undertake a devil’s office.† (Pg 140). Chillingworth gets a great deal of pleasure from torturing Dimmesdale. The narrator of the novel goes as far as to say that he is transforming himself into a devil. He feels this is the only thing that makes him happy. Similar to the devil, inflicting pain on others is the only way he feels happy. â€Å"After Mr. Dimmesdale’s death, a remarkable change took place in the appearance and personality of the old man known as Roger Chillingworth. All his strength and energy, all his physical and intellectual force, seemed to leave him at once. He withered up, shriveled away, and almost vanished from human sight, like an uprooted weed that wilts in the sun. This sad man had made the pursuit of revenge the one mission in his life.† (citation) Chillingworth spent a majority of his life torturing and getting revenge on Dimmesdale. Once Dimmesdale was gone, the purpose of his life was gone. Chillingworth had been livi ng his life for this and as soon as it went away he deteriorated. The sin was the sole purpose of his life and it ultimately lead to his demise. Hester is the only character in the novel that has a Analysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter Conformation Paragraphs Erika Bloes 11 / 19 / 15 Mr. Keating Block 6 Throughout, â€Å"The Scarlet Letter,† Hawthorne is able to enhance the plot by intricately incorporating symbols which represent a deeper meaning. One of which, is the infamous, and ambiguous, scarlet letter that lays upon the bosom of Hester Prynne. In the beginning of the book, the audience is immediately introduced to the scarlet letter as a symbol of shame and adultery. The narrator describes the Puritan society as very judgemental and harsh. Comments like, â€Å"This woman has brought shame upon us all, and ought to die,† creates this negative and unwelcoming atmosphere which surrounds Hester for a majority of the book. From then on, the Puritans constantly refer to the†¦show more content†¦For example, on page 51 the narrator says, â€Å"But the point which drew all eyes, and, as it were, transfigured the wearer--so that both men and women who had been familiarly acquainted with Hester Prynne were now impressed as if they beheld her for the first time- -was that SCARLET LETTER, so fantastically embroidered and illuminated upon her bosom. It had the effect of a spell, taking her out of the ordinary relations with humanity, and enclosing her in a sphere by herself.† By so carefully embroidering this letter, Hester reconstructs the meaning behind the letter from criticism and sin to individuality and dictates how she wants herself to appear towards society. The letter becomes apart of her identity and especially her strength. Even though Hester could ve easily given up on herself, she was able to push through the criticism and create an alternate ending for herself and her child and this is represented in the scarlet letter and its beauty. Furthermore, towards the end of the book, the scarlet letter becomes a representation of the overall struggle that Hester had to overcome throughout the book. The initial point of the scarlet letter was to remind Hester of the adulterous act she had committed. However, towards the end of th e book the letter â€Å"A† stood as a symbol of light. Even the puritan society reflected upon this symbol as relating to â€Å"able† and Analysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter Botts 1 McKenzie Botts Mrs. Eron English 2330, Section 02 November 10, 2014 A Sin is a Sin Nathaniel Hawthorne was a brilliant writer of the 19th century. Hawthorne created a novel that reflected the time period of the Puritans in New England. The Scarlet Letter contains a representation of the people during that time period but can also be related to the reader’s time period. Originally, God created the world with complete perfection until man fell, and sin entered the world. In the eyes of God, a sin is a sin. There is no worse sin that one can commit. Man is the one that decided that one sin could be more harshly judged than another. Hawthorne uses the theme of sin to show the importance of one’s faith and conviction and how those principles relate to fallen sinners. In The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne and Arthur Dimmesdale committed adultery. The Puritans decided that God’s judgment was not enough for Hester, and therefore, she needed to be humiliated and isolated from everyone in that town. Christians are called to bring people to God not condemn. â€Å"Let God punish! Thou shalt forgive† (Hawthorne 557). The sin committed by Hester and Dimmesdale was a sin of passion. A sin of passion is a sin that is committed in the moment. Hawthorne develops his whole novel around the sin of these two people. With every sin committed, there are consequences that follow. Hawthorne uses this sin to show how consequences affect those directly involved and those that are not. It is trueShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter Essay1234 Words   |  5 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne, in The Scarlet Letter, and Daniel Solove in his piece about â€Å"Shaming and the Digital Scarlet Letter† show that one who lives two lives with two dual personalities, purposefully or accidentally, can live the lie for only so long before he makes a mistake, becomes confused, and betrays his identity. The two lives that one leads most often have one persona used to conceal the other personality that society typically shuns, and he chooses to have these two personalities. He choosesRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter 1452 Words   |  6 PagesJunhee Chung A.P English Language August 20, 2015 Novel Analysis Assignment The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne Plot and Conflict The Crucible is a story that revolves around the Salem Witch Trials. The novel takes place in Salem Massachusetts in 1692. It starts off with the local pastor, Reverend Parris, catching a group of girls, one of them his daughter and one of them being his niece, practicing witchcraft in the woods. Abigail is the leader of the group of girls, and her motive forRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter 1606 Words   |  7 PagesMarin Fallon Mrs. Janosy English 2H 23 November 2015 Sin in the The Scarlet Letter The story of The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne is one with many twists and turns. A young woman moves to Boston, Massachusetts while her husband takes care of affairs in England. After two years pass she secretly has an affair with the Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale. When she becomes pregnant and gives birth to her daughter Pearl, the town punishes her for committing the act of adultery. She is sentenced to standRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter Essay1368 Words   |  6 PagesCharacters’ Name in The Scarlet Letter† (2015), suggests that Nathaniel Hawthorne uses symbolism to greatly enhance the importance of three of the main characters in his novel. Lei supports her suggestion by talking about the different ways in which each character’s name is symbolic, and how that directly correlates with their characteristics and their actions. Lei’s purpose is to elaborate on the depth of the main characters names in order to revea l to the reader how Hawthorne implicitly makes theRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter 1503 Words   |  7 PagesMartinez Mrs. Lee English 3H, Period 2 9 December 2015 Judgement Day American author, Nathaniel Hawthorne, felt guilty about the intolerance of his Puritan ancestors, one of whom judged at the Salem witch trials. He utilized his passionate sentiments regarding Puritanism as an inspiration for his iconic literary work, The Scarlet Letter; in which he does not embrace but rather critiques Puritan ideology. Because Hawthorne has fathomed the Puritan community, he favors to provide a more in depth understandingRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter1371 Words   |  6 Pagesmoney or a cost that cannot be remedied in the physical world. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne illustrates the high cost of identity and selfhood in society. Through the protagonist Hester Prynne, Hawthorne reveals the societal standards regarding chastity and sin that drive the high cost of identity and selfhood in society and their relation to the physical and metaphysical worlds. In addition, Hawthorne uses the townspeople of B oston, such as the old women in the town,Read MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter 1128 Words   |  5 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne was an American novelist and short story writer.He was born in Masasschusetts in 1804 , whose father was a sea captain.He was descedant as a Puritan family known for their attacks on Quakers , Indians and ‘’witches ‘’.Therefore when he was 20 years old , he added a ‘’w’’ to his original name â€Å"†Hathorne’’ as a distance to his family past . Hawthorne ‘s characterists were described as a shy ,solitary ,idle student at school , who prefered reading as a lifestyle.He was graduatedRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter 1071 Words   |  5 PagesMrs. Jackson 16 December 2015 A Sinner Defined by The Scarlet Letter Society has not changed as far as labeling people and probably never will. In the Puritan society they branded, tortured, and defined human beings the way they saw them even though they did not know how the person they were humiliating truly was. Hester Prynne is a good example of this in the novel The Scarlet Letter written by the author Nathaniel Hawthorne. Hawthorne is using the character Hester in this novel to show how societyRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s Scarlet Letter 1392 Words   |  6 PagesAP Short Form â€Å"Scarlett Letter† AP English Language and Composition Title: Scarlet Letter Author and Date of Publication: Nathaniel Hawthorne, Publication in 1850 Significance of the Title: This book was titled The Scarlet Letter because the plot of the novel is centered around the question of who, besides Hetser is the other adulteress. Main Characters: Hester Prynne - The character of Hester is labeled as an adulteress, and is condemned to wear the scarlet letter for the rest of her daysRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter 1138 Words   |  5 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne, author of The Scarlet Letter, asserts that we must try to change situations if one feels like they can have control to do so. One should attempt to change conditions in the attempt to make life more joyful for themselves and if possible their community as well. It is the responsibility of an individual to make the world a better place to live for the future generations. The concept of making the best of every situation while spreading positive ideas accentuates the responsibilities

The Vietnam War Memorial Free Essays

The Vietnam War Memorial, like the war it memorializes, was initially steeped in controversy. It was called unemotional and ‘a black gash of shame’. Criticism was leveled at the artist for her being of Asian extraction. We will write a custom essay sample on The Vietnam War Memorial or any similar topic only for you Order Now Like the Vietnam War, Americans gradually began to see the other side of the coin and it is now one of America’s most revered art pieces. It is comprised of black granite panels set into ground so that the viewer literally walks into the piece. On the panel is carved the names of the 58,000 plus American war dead (Sands). It is a part of the landscape by design. Lin said, â€Å"I didn’t want to destroy a living park. You use the landscape. You don’t fight with it,† (greatbuildings.com).   A companion piece, a statue of American warriors, war weary and in battle dress was erected at the site. I think the memorial is a moving piece of art, fraught with symbolism that is more apparent when visiting it than it can ever be from photos or descriptions. It is the duty of any nation that sends its young men into combat to remember and honor those who gave the ultimate for their country. I think that while hostilities are ongoing and the deaths are mounting, however, the tribute should take a form different from a cold memorial. I think the man who sent them to the war zone should read us the names of each fallen warrior at the close of day and explain how that warrior died. If he refuses, then each day in the House of Representatives the names should be read, and those names then be carried to the White House. The purpose of a war memorial is not always the same for every war and for every cause. It can be a tribute to the fallen dead in a war that was waged for survival. It can be a piece of propaganda for a war that had no business being waged. It can be designed and erected as a balm to heal the scars of a bitter and divisive conflict. Vietnam divided our nation and nearly brought us into open rebellion with the government that refused to listen to the will of the people. The veterans of the Vietnam War seem to be flooded with memories when they confront the names of fallen comrades whose names are engraved in the polished black granite. Yusef Komunyakaa’s poem, Facing It, described the feeling he had of being back in the war, symbolically being inside the memorial itself. He could see the explosion that killed his friend by reading the man’s name on the wall. â€Å"I touch the name Andrew Johnson; I see the booby trap’s white flash,† (lines 16-17), he says in the poem. At Santa Monica Beach near Los Angeles every Sunday a local chapter of the Veterans for Peace erects a temporary memorial to the fallen dead of the Iraq War (Veterans For Peace). It is called Arlington West for the Arlington National Cemetery in the east.   It is similar to and different from the Vietnam War Memorial. It has a list of fallen Americans as a tribute to them but also it memorializes the dead Iraqis, which the Vietnam Wall does not do for the fallen Vietnamese. Volunteers erect rows of crosses and symbolic flag draped coffins. It is more performance art than a permanent fixture but still emotionally moving, particularly to the families of the dead. Visiting there is a way to express the grief and frustration the same as at the Vietnam Wall. It shows that there is not a single way to create a memorial any more than there a single way to create art. There are different ways to move people. The Vietnam Wall is a vital robust and moving tribute to a nasty war. It has helped to heal a divided nation and bring closure. The Arlington West project is for an ongoing war and can be seen as a protest of that war as much as a memorial to the dead. The idea of requiring the people who send men off to war to read the names of the dead seems to be fitting. They would be forced to see the toll they are taking at least in terms of numbers and perhaps put a face on the dead. For now they are simply statistics. Bibliography Greatbuildings.com   2007   Viet Nam Veterans Memorial Retrieved 4-3-07 From:http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Vietnam_Veterans_Memorial.html Komunyakaa, Y. Facing It   Ã‚   HERE INSERT THE FOLLOWING: NAME OF TEXT BOOK, CITY OF PUBLICATION FOLLOWED BY COLON, THEN NAME OF PUBLISHER AND THE YEAR OF PUBLICATION Sands, K.   Jack Magazine   Maya Lin’s Wall: A Tribute to Americans Retrieved 4- 3-07 from:   http://www.jackmagazine.com/issue9/essayksands.html Veterans For Peace  Ã‚   4-07   Arlington West Memorial Santa Monica Retrieved 4-3-07 from: http://www.arlingtonwestsantamonica.org/ How to cite The Vietnam War Memorial, Essay examples

Comparing and contrasting two poems Mirror and Blackberrying by the Author Sylvia Plath Essay Example For Students

Comparing and contrasting two poems Mirror and Blackberrying by the Author Sylvia Plath Essay In this essay I shall be comparing and contrasting two poems by the author Sylvia Plath. The two poems are Blackberrying and Mirror Sylvia Plath born in Boston, Massachusetts 1932 was the wife of another famous yet complicated poet Ted Hughes. Many of Plaths poems were based on her inner pain yet also other celebratory poems about motherhood aspects of nature etcetera. In addition to writing poems she wrote one autobiographic novel The Bell Jar. Sylvia Plath had a very short and tragic life, after suffering from years of depression and mental illness from living under pressure she took her life in 1963. She is now laid to rest in a little church yard grave in Heptonstall, West Yorkshire. The first poem I am going to be describing is to be Mirror. I see Mirror as a lonely and heart filled poem. I believe that it shows Plaths unwillingness for growing old. I believe that she looks into the mirror and sees her youth dipping away uncontrollably. She sees the mirror as honest and not one to tell lies by using personification expanding that the mirror swallows the images and is ominisent in knowing everything for example like a god. The poem seems schizophrenic, she is searching for who she really is, but cannot see her value in herself. She shows this in the poem by saying; Searching for my reaches for what she really is I believe that Plath sees everything out of control from her, feeling that everything is away from her. She mentions in the poem; Now I am a lake a woman bends over me I believe that Plath can not see this person as really her. She may have been talking about her life expectancies. Although marriage was not on Plaths agenda she married Ted Hughes and had 2 children with him, she also had good qualifications behind her and a steady life. Although later on in her life her relationship with Hughes became rocky and she moved into a small flat in London. Maybe Plath is saying this is not what she expected or wanted her future life to be. In the poem she concentrates on the loneliness and emptiness in her life. it is pink with speckles. I have looked at it for so long it has become a part of my heart but it flickers I believe that Plath is describing her face and the flickering being a candle for light, as she later says; Then she turns to those liars the candles or the moon I believe that the fact that the candle flickers means that she is not lonely all the time but only human lonely as she has the candle at night there to be her company. It may have been that she feels isolated from the outside world. I also believe that the poem deteriates towards the end, just as a person would do in death. My second poem to describe is blackberrying. In the poem Blackberrying I believe that Plath is writing about a journey to the beach and walking down lanes filled with bushes of blackberries. Maybe Plath is writing about the path of life. I believe that this is a lonely yet thoughtful and happy poem. She uses a great sense of touch sound vision taste and smell, as she stretches every small detail about the blackberries. For example she uses the sense of touch by saying; fat with red juices as they squander in my fingers Plath is expressing the way the blackberries look when they are compressed by fingers, this gives the readers a great impression for them to imagine on their own how the blackberries would look. Theirs is the only voice protesting, protesting .u24930a334c374a974db0072e82e93f3f , .u24930a334c374a974db0072e82e93f3f .postImageUrl , .u24930a334c374a974db0072e82e93f3f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u24930a334c374a974db0072e82e93f3f , .u24930a334c374a974db0072e82e93f3f:hover , .u24930a334c374a974db0072e82e93f3f:visited , .u24930a334c374a974db0072e82e93f3f:active { border:0!important; } .u24930a334c374a974db0072e82e93f3f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u24930a334c374a974db0072e82e93f3f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u24930a334c374a974db0072e82e93f3f:active , .u24930a334c374a974db0072e82e93f3f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u24930a334c374a974db0072e82e93f3f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u24930a334c374a974db0072e82e93f3f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u24930a334c374a974db0072e82e93f3f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u24930a334c374a974db0072e82e93f3f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u24930a334c374a974db0072e82e93f3f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u24930a334c374a974db0072e82e93f3f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u24930a334c374a974db0072e82e93f3f .u24930a334c374a974db0072e82e93f3f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u24930a334c374a974db0072e82e93f3f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Through the looking glass EssayThis tells the readers that the author is alone in the poem and that the only sound in the poem is when Plath believes that the bits of burnt paper are wheeling around her and that maybe the wind will be making a gentle whistling sound. When Plath mentions; The only thing to come now is the sea. From between two hills a sudden wind funnels at me, slapping its phantom laundry in my face Plath is describing the feel of the wind on her face. I believe that phantom represents a ghostly figure and that it is not there although it feels like it is there. If she imagines that the laundry is wet then that may result in the fresh sea air slapping onto her face. Plath exaggerates her journey at every point. I believe that maybe she is talking about the path of life. The poem is a happy poem; maybe she feels that she is alone in this journey where everything seems to be neither good nor bad. Although once she gets to the end of that path it will seem to be a lot brighter with a different change of scenery maybe contrasting on a different lifestyle. In both poems Plath uses a great sense of extended metaphors and sets the imagery superb in both poems. So that it is as if the reader is the person themselves in each of the poems. Both poems I believe are complicated and hard to imagine yourself into but once the reader understands the poem them it is easier to accept the surrounding in the rest of the poem. Both poems seem as though they come from deep down from Plaths inner pain from the author something that has a hidden meaning, which she just can not contrast in words. So she decides to write it down. By doing this she makes both poems seem like a riddle to understand their true meanings.

You are What You Eat Essay Sample free essay sample

Oreos is a trade name name of one of the most popular sandwich cookies in the universe. It was manufactured and introduced to the universe by Nabisco Corporation ( National Biscuit Company ) . The most recent design of the sandwich cooky is consists of a sweet creamy filling in between two round cocoa cookies. During the first clip it was introduced to the populace. it had sold over four hundred and ninety billion cookies and was awarded the best merchandising cooky of the 20th century. It was in February 1912 when the first Oreo cookies were introduced. Its mark ab initio was the British market who was selling cookies that for the Nabisco were â€Å"too common† . There were originally two spirits of Oreos in the market: lemon meringue and pick and these cookies were mound-shaped and non level like those of today. Due to the more demand for the pick flavored cookies. the company decided to halt the production of the lemon flavored one. We will write a custom essay sample on You are What You Eat Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are many theories refering the history of the name Oreo. One theory says that the name was derived from the Gallic word â€Å"or† significance gold. Others say that the name was from the Grecian word â€Å"Oros† significance mountain hill picturing the original form of the cookies. Still other theories assert that the â€Å"re† from pick was placed in between two O’s from cocoa. The industry of these delicate cookies is consists of two phases. First is the production of the bar dough to signifiers of the two cocoa cookies. This dough is molded into their familiar form into a three 100 pes long oven. The cookies ingredients include sugar. Dutch chocolate and pure cocoa spirits. Due to the popularity of the Oreo cookies. different assortments of them were made by the company. [ Author. 2 ]These include the ( 1 ) Oreo Wafer Sticks – long cocoa covered wafer sticks with pick filling ; ( 2 ) Uh-Oh Oreos – these are termed as reversed Oreo cookies because of the vanilla wafers and cocoa filling ; ( 3 ) Golden Oreos – pick make fulling sandwiched in vanilla wafers ; and ( 4 ) Mini Oreos – bite size Oreos which are entire reproduction of the normal size cookies. These are merely few of the plentifulness inventions that the company has done with the Oreo cookies. There are besides the Oreo ice pick and still the other cookies with something new in it. The original cookies of the Nabisco Corporation were composed of enriched flour ( wheat flour. nicotinic acid. reduced Fe. vitamin B1. mononitrate ( Vitamin B1 ) . Riboflavin ( Vitamin B2 ) . Folic Acid ) . sugar. canola oil and/or thenar oil and/or soya bean oil. maize sirup which is high in fructose. cornflour. salt. baking sodium carbonate. soy lecithin ( emulsifier ) . A functioning size of 30 five gms of Oreos cookies gives a individual one hundred 70 Calories and 60 of that is derived from fat. Based on percent day-to-day values. a functioning size of 30 five gms incorporating 15 pieces per container comprises seven gms of entire fat ( 11 per centum ) . two gm saturated fat ( 10 per centum ) . one hundred 20 mgs Na ( five per centum ) and twenty five gms of entire saccharide ( eight per centum ) . This includes 13 gms of sugars and one gm of protein. Ingredients of the Oreos Cookies Wheat As a primary ingredient that is used in many nutrients. wheat flour is made from crunching wheat. It contains equal ratios of starches. substances which are complex saccharides which are besides known as polyoses. Polysaccharides one of the complex saccharides are polymers dwelling of plenty monosaccharose linked by glycosidic bonds ( MW A ; BC. 2006 ) . [ Author. 3 ] Therefore. they are big molecules and are frequently ramifying. These molecules are formless and are indissoluble in H2O with no sweet gustatory sensation. These polyoses have a general expression of CN( Hydrogen2O )n-1. Niacin Niacin. which is besides known as Vitamin B3is soluble in H2O. It was discovered in 1937 by Conrad Elvehjem. Vitamin B3is consists of NADH. NAD. and NAD+. These play critical parts in the energy metamorphosis of the cell and DNA fix ( Linus Pauling Institute. 2007 ) . Niacin removes toxic chemicals from the organic structure and acids in the industry of steroid endocrines such as sex endocrines and emphasis related endocrines from the adrenal secretory organ. A sum of 2-12 mgs of niacin per twenty-four hours is recommended for kids. 14 mgs are recommended for adult females. 16 for work forces and 18 for pregnant and breast-feeding adult females. Lack of nicotinic acid in the organic structure can diminish tolerance to colds and slows down metamorphosis. Furthermore. terrible deficiency of nicotinic acid in the organic structure tolerates the happening of Alpine scurvy.Vitamin b1Thiamine which is besides known as vitamin B1 and aneurine hydrochloride is a colorless compound which is s oluble in H2O and indissoluble in intoxicant. Vitamin B1 decomposes in the presence Ohio heat. Its chemical construction is composed of the pyrimidine and thiazole rings. Thiamine’s roles in the organic structure are included in the metamorphosis of saccharides and fats in order to bring forth energy. This vitamin is critical for normal growing and development and AIDSs in the care of the proper operation of the bosom and the digestive and nervous system. Since vitamin B1 is H2O soluble it could non be absorbed by the organic structure. yet. one time inside the organic structure. vitamin B1 can be found concentrated in the musculus tissues ( Cerner Multum Inc. . 2007 ) . [ Author. 4 ] Vitamin b2Riboflavin. normally known as Vitamin B2. is a micronutrient that is easy to be absorbed by the organic structure. Like the other B vitamins. it has besides its critical functions needed in the care of the human organic structure. One of the chief maps of vitamin B2 is on care of the metamorphosis of proteins and fats. Good beginnings of vitamin B2 include milk. cheese. liver. leafy veggies. leguminous plants and soya beans. Riboflavin exposed to visible radiation is easy destroyed.Folic AcidFolic acid. signifiers of the H2O soluble Vitamin B9 are of course happening and can be taken as addendums. Folic acid can be found in leafy veggies such as Brassica rapa leafy vegetables. Spinacia oleracea. dried beans. peas and cereal merchandises. They can besides be found in sunflower seeds and other fruits and veggies.Canola Oil/Palm Oil/Soybean OilCanola oil is a assortment of comestible oil. Due to its low saturated fat. canola has been described as healthy oil. Besides. it has h igh monosaturated oil content and omega-3 fatty acids. On the other manus. thenar oil is another signifier of vegetable oil which is obtained from fruits of the thenar tree. The colour of palm oil is ruddy due to the high sum of betacarotene. Palm oil is fundamentally used as cooking oil and to fabricate oleo. Besides. palm oil is a major constituent degree Fahrenheit processed nutrients. Soybean oil or more normally known as vegetable oil is a really popular type of oil due to its bargain rate. healthful and it is besides used in the devising of soaps and merchandises for the tegument. which makes it a cogent evidence. that is healthy even for the tegument. However. soybean oil does non incorporate much of the concentrated fats and does non incorporate cholesterin. Furthermore. it contains more natural antioxidants which remain in the oil after extraction. This feature of the soybean oil is the 1 that prevents oxidative rancidity. [ Author. 5 ] Fructose Fructose is a type of simple sugar or monosaccharose. This is found in plentifulness of nutrients. Beginnings of fruit sugar are honey. tree fruits. berries. melons. and some root veggies such as Sweet murphies. Beta vulgariss. parsnips and onions. Fructose is the sweetest type of sugar and considered even sweeter than sucrose. It is even recommended for ingestion to people with diabetes mellitus or hypoglycaemia due to its low glycemic index compared to sucrose ( Dolson. 2007 ) . SaltOne of the most of import mineral in the universe today is salt. It is composed chiefly of Na and Cl. The find of salt gives manner to a more tasty nutrient for the worlds and a manner to continue nutrient. Salt is critical to worlds because it helps in the ordinance of H2O fluids in the organic structure ( Linus Pauling Inst. . 2004 ) . However. excessively much ingestion of salt may take to the addition in the hazard of high blood force per unit area. Baking Soda Sodium hydrogen carbonate. is a white solid which frequently appears as pulverization. is soluble in H2O. It is one of the constituents of the mineral natron and can be found most dissolved in mineral springs. A procedure called Solvay procedure chiefly prepares NaHCO3. The Solvay procedure includes heating Ca carbonate in a big hollow tower in order for it to let go of C dioxide. ( CaCO3 > CaO + CO2 ) Then. a solution of Na chloride and ammonium hydroxide will be introduced to the tower in order for the C dioxide to bring forth sodium hydrogen carbonate as its precipitate. ( NaCl + NH3 + CO2 + H2O > NaHCO3 + NH4Cl. Then. the Na hydrogen carbonate will be heated for it to bring forth soda ash or Na carbonate due to the release of H2O and C dioxide: 2 NaHCO3 > Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2. ( Helemenstine. 2007 ) . [ Author. 6 ] Trona Trona. the hydrous Na hydrogen carbonate and an evaporite mineral is the primary beginning of Na hydrogen carbonate. Trona can be found in the Owens Lake. Searles Lake in California. Green River in Utah and the Nile River in Egypt. The largest known Trona sedimentation in the universe can be found in the Green River in Wyoming. Response to the nutrientIn general. the Oreos cookies exhibit healthy ingredients and that about all of the substances included in the industry and production of the cookies helps chiefly in the care of the human organic structure or sweetening of the metamorphosis. For illustration. the flour used in the industry of the cookies in the sandwich is comprised of vitamins such as vitamin B1. vitamin B2. nicotinic acid and wheat. These ingredients are really indispensable in the wellness of the people who are primary consumers of the sandwich. By making this research. it was discovered that a certain types of minerals like the mineral Trona. It was discovered that even though it is indirectly referred. Trona is a portion of the Oreos cookies. This is because baking sodium carbonate is needed in the industry of the sandwich. The research displayed the importance of holding known the constituents of the nutrient that we eat. Knowing the ingredients of the nutrient that we eat is really of import to guarantee a healthy life style. Though there are plentifulness of nutrient that has risen in the universe today. it is still critical to take the 1s that gives importance to the wellness of the consumers. This nutrient should include ingredients that are of the right sum. Besides. its ingredients should besides be composed of healthy constituents. Components of the ingredients of the nutrient are besides critical because indirectly they are the major constituents of the nutrient that we eat. Oreos. as one of the most popular if non the most popular sandwich cooky in the universe can besides be titled one of the healthiest if non the healthiest sandwich cooky in the universe. Mentions MW A ; BC. ( 2006 ) . Facts About Wheat Flour. Retrieved November 6. 2007. from hypertext transfer protocol: //wbc. agr. meitnerium. gov/Consumers/Nutrition/wheat_flours. hypertext markup language. Linus Pauling Institute. ( 2007 ) . Niacin. Retrieved November 5. 2007. from hypertext transfer protocol: //lpi. oregonstate. edu/infocenter/vitamins/niacin/ . British Nutrition Foundation. ( 2004 ) . Flour. Retrieved November 6. 2007. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. nutrition. org. uk/home. asp. Linus Pauling Institute. ( 2007 ) . Thiamine. Retrieved November 5. 2007. from hypertext transfer protocol: //lpi. oregonstate. edu/infocenter/vitamins/thiamin/ . Zest for Life. ( 2007 ) . Vitamin B1 – vitamin B1. thiamin – information page. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. anyvitamins. com/vitamin-b1-thiamin-info. htm. MayoClinic. ( 2007 ) . Niacin to hike your HDL ‘good’ cholesterin. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. mayoclinic. com/health/niacin/CL00036. Cerner Multum Inc. ( 2007 ) . Thiamine. Retrieved November 6. 2007. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. drugs. com/mtm/thiamine. hypertext markup language. MedicinePlus. ( 2006 ) . Riboflavin ( vitamin B2 ) . Retrieved November 5. 2007. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. nlm. National Institutes of Health. gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-riboflavin. hypertext markup language. Saul. Andrew. ( 2004 ) . HOW TO DETERMINE A SATURATION LEVEL OF NIACIN. Retrieved November 5. 2007. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. doctoryourself. com/niacin. htm. Helmenstine. Anne Marie. ( 2007 ) . Q. What Is the Difference Between Baking Soda A ; Baking Powder? . Retrieved November 5. 2007. from hypertext transfer protocol: //chemistry. about. com/mbiopage. hypertext markup language. Dolson. Laura. ( 2007 ) . Fructose: Sweet. But Dangerous. Retrieved November 5. 2007. from hypertext transfer protocol: //lowcarbdiets. about. com/od/nutrition/a/fructosedangers. htm. MayoClinic. ( 2006. February 28 ) . Canola oil: Is it harmful to your wellness. Retrieved November 6. 2007. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. mayoclinic. com/health/canola-oil/AN01281. Linus Pauling Institute. ( 2004 ) . Sodium. Retrieved November 5. 2007. from hypertext transfer protocol: //lpi. oregonstate. edu/infocenter/minerals/sodium/ . Ellis-Christensen. Tricia. ( 2007 ) . What is Baking Powder? Retrieved November 5. 2007. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. wisegeek. com/what-is-baking-powder. htm. Stradley. Linda. ( 2004 ) . History of Baking Powder. Retrieved November 5. 2007. from hypertext transfer protocol: //whatscookingamerica. net/History/BakingPowderHistory. htm.

How To Write A Narrative Essay Outline, with Example

How To Write A Narrative Essay Outline, with Example How to Write a Narrative Essay Outline (Guide) How to start Thesis writing How to write main part How to conclude Outline example Writing a narrative essay is an important writing skill in which the author takes the audience in a non-fictional experience, he/she has encountered and wraps it in a story he/she narrates using the first person. The author needs to have a narrative essay outline to guide him/her through the work and avoid unnecessary details whilst ensuring all important aspects of the essay are captured. Narrative essay outline writing is a crucial step that helps the writer to organize his/her content to avoid confusion and ensure a logical flow of ideas and events throughout the essay. The outline for a narrative essay should contain all the key pillars of the essay encoded in clear, concise and comprehensive style. Narrative essay outlining helps the writer to organize and set a chronological flow of events in the essay coherently. Tips concerning introduction writing The introductory paragraph of a narrative essay should be creative to capture the attention of the audience. A compelling introduction is important to avoid losing the attention of the reader. The introduction hook should be concise and clear, pre-empting the chronological flow of the story. Since one of the primary reasons for writing a perfect essay is to prove a point, it is important to have a topic sentence that introduces the point from a conflicting angle. The introduction should be brief, clear and should hook the reader to proceed to uncover the whole story thus the last sentence of the introductory paragraph should lead the reader to the subsequent body paragraph. Tips on thesis writing The thesis statement for a narrative essay focuses on the lesson the writer gains from the experience he/she describes in the story. As such, the thesis statement should compel the reader to go through the entire essay to uncover how the author learned the lesson. The thesis statement should in itself contain the core message the author needs to put across. Therefore, the thesis statement should be concise, clear and carry the theme of the story. It should be derived from the lesson the author has learned in the previous experiences and should be structured in a way to introduce the essay. However, the thesis statement should not overshadow the point of telling the story. The thesis statement should contain a clear conflict based on the theme presented by the story at up front. Tips on Body Paragraphs The body paragraphs contain the entire story that led to the conclusion the author is defending. To write an effective narrative essay, a chronological flow of events is important to avoid losing the reader halfway through the essay. The length of each paragraph should be three to four sentences. The paragraphs should introduce the next by creating a smooth transition. For a narrative essay, a 5-paragraph essay is suitable to avoid wordiness that is likely to bore the reader. Each paragraph should lead to the other with a smooth transition that keeps the reader yearning for more. The paragraph should be set chronologically with each preceding paragraph introducing the next one throughout the essay. It is important for the author to stick to the necessary details of the story. Unnecessary details lengthen the story and overshadow the important facts that support the theme of the story. To avoid irrelevant details in the story, the author should adhere to the outline of the essay and only include the important points as they appear in the essay. Sticking to the outline helps the author to remain within the bounds of the story and ensures the clear and coherent flow of ideas whilst focusing on the topic and theme of the essay throughout the body paragraphs. Tips on Conclusion Writing The conclusion requires the author to wrap the story in a reconciliatory note that matches the theme of the essay. The author should finalize with invoking the theme of the story and showing how the story led to the lesson asserted earlier in the introduction of the story. Invoking the thesis statement can be an effective way to wrap the story in a reconciliatory note. The author should end the story in a climax resolving note and tone to bring together the story with the theme it was describing. An Example of the Outline on â€Å"My Career Plan† Here below is a 5-paragraph narrative essay outline example of a career plan to demonstrate the afore-described writing technique. In the following example of a narrative essay outline, the key elements of the effective narrative essay are described in detail, highlighting the most important tactics of effective writing. The examples are based on the topic ‘My Career Plan.’ Introduction Good approach:   Having a defined career plan in life is important, but learning the importance of a career plan was not a smooth experience. A bad example would be: It is important to have a career plan, though it is not always a smooth experience. The second example lacks the personal attribution to the story and therefore distances the author from the story he/she has to narrate in the first person. Body Paragraphs Paragraph 1: A topic sentence to a body paragraph would set the story in a career related environment. For example: After my graduation, I landed my first job as an intern with a Fortune 500 IT company. Few more details accompany the description to set the setting for the story. A bad approach would be: I started to work as an intern. The issue with the second paragraph is that it fails to hook the audience to the story by avoiding necessary details attributed to the topic. Other sentences which follow the lead sentence would be: Since it was my first job, my career knowledge was largely theoretical than practical and often I found myself unable to make informed decisions about my career. Such sentence is tied to the leading and would introduce the reader to subsequent events of the story based on the hint about bad decisions or experiences encountered. Paragraph 2: In the second paragraph of background information, a new sentence could be framed like this: Upon the termination of my internship contract, the company offered me a chance to renew the contract, an offer I turned down. The second paragraph leading sentence hooks the reader to find out more what happened next. A bad example would be framed like this: The internship lasted a few months, and it expired, and I started looking for a new job. The author avoids necessary details necessary in a narrative essay about key events in the story. Paragraph 3: For a 5-paragraph essay, the third paragraph should start to harmonize the details of the essay. An example of the leading sentence of the third paragraph would be: The turning point in my career came when I went to a seminar on career development, organized by my third employer. A bad example would be: after my third job, I knew how to plan my career. Conclusion To bring the story to a reconciliatory note, the author ought to bring together the story to support his aim of narrating the story. An example of conclusion sentence would be: After all the experiences I have gone through in my years in formal employment, I have realized the importance of career plan first hand and helped me to create one.

A Project Report On Marketing Plan For Kudu is a Saudi Arabia

Kudu is a Saudi Arabia based restaurant chain with over 327 store outlets across the country (Kudu, 2017). The restaurant was established with the aim to offer a unique dining experience for the people of Saudi Arabia. The restaurant has a highly trained staff along with great infrastructure to maintain the standard of services in terms of quality, efficiency and reliability. The restaurant has received ISO and HACCP SQF recognition for its consistency of service standards (Kudu, 2017). The customers can watch their orders being processed and rest assured that the food is being prepared in a neat, clean and hygienic manner. The goal of the company is to â€Å"offer a unique dining experience to the customers through quality and fresh food of restaurant† (Kudu, 2017). The restaurant has excelled in its services by maintaining its service standard and procuring fresh and quality food ingredients on daily basis. Thus, the restaurant has developed a sustainable business model that would ensure the longevity of the business and assist to reach its goals. Kudu has strategically positioned itself as a restaurant that offers fresh food to its customers through its open kitchen tradition where customers can watch the preparation of the recipes being cooked and packed (Kudu, 2017). The restaurant has adopted various marketing strategies to promote its products in the market of Saudi Arabia. The restaurant has a dedicated website through which customers can access all the detailed information on Kudu related to its menu, products, stores, quality services and required details. The restaurant also displays its latest products and offers through its website. The customers can choose from a wide range of offers such as combo offers, meal offers and the festive offers that are being served during an occasion. The core focus of the company is quality, reliable and efficient services and it has been able to maintain it over a long period of time (Kudu, 2017).   The targeted customers of Kudu include men & women, students & executives, youth an d adults, friends & families, who can enjoy the delicious breakfasts, lunch and dinner at the restaurant (Kudu, 2017). Kudu may have been able to create a trust among the customers through its quality and reliable services, yet it needs to expand its market in order to grow its revenue and profitability. The restaurant targets diversified customers including men & women, students & executives, youth and adults, friends & families. The restaurant also offers home delivery to the customers to increase its reach ability and overall sales revenue. The restaurant has great opportunity to target offices in the country. Another identified opportunity for the restaurant is introducing meal campaign for the professionals and executives. The plan proposes to offer meal for the executives and professionals at their doorsteps during their lunch time. After studying the marketing strategies of Kudu, it was identified that the company has a great opportunity to target the market of corporate and professionals (Egan, 2007). The executives and professionals are busy people who do not have time to go out for their meals during lunch hours. Since Kudu has established its restaurant store outlets across the country that serves a diversified range of customers, therefore, it is not able to serve the needs of these busy professionals. In order to offer great services, a brand must take care the needs and wants of its customers (Luther, 2011). Thus, a marketing plan would be developed that would aim to target this group of people. Marketing mix element is one of the concepts of marketing that is being mostly used by the company to develop their marketing plan by analyzing product, price, promotion and place (Lamb, Hair and McDaniel, 2008). Product: The product comprises of two components that includes meal combo and doorstep services at the offices of the professionals. The meal would comprise of three components including one main course (burger/sandwich/rice beef), one drink (Coke/fanta/sprite) and any one out of salad/fries/sweet dish. The menu would be different for every day so that the customers do not get bored of eating the same food. Now the meal would be served during the lunch hours of the professionals at the doorstep of their offices so that they do not have to travel to the restaurant. This would save their order time and travelling time. Thus, the concept of innovation is being applied to create reliable, consistent and efficient services. Price: Pricing strategy depends upon the paying capacity of the consumers (Kubicki, 2015)). In this situation economy pricing strategy would be appropriate so that executives can easily avail this service (Schindler and Schindler, 2011). Since a large group of people would be availing this service, therefore, the cost of the product would also reduce and the economies of scale would be easily achieved. Promotion: In the changing business environment context, digital marketing has become a popular marketing strategy and is being commonly deployed by the companies. Kudu could also use this strategy to reach its target audience. Social media marketing, email marketing and search engine marketing are the most commonly used approaches for this marketing. In this scenario, Kudu could utilize email marketing tactics in order to reach a larger market share. Further, in order to attract larger number of audience, the restaurant could offer discounts and offers to the executives (McDonald, 2007). Place: Since the plan has proposed office delivery of meal orders for the executives, therefore, importance must be given to timely delivery of the services. The delay would cause trouble for the customers as their lunch hours are fixed and they cannot afford to waste their time. In order to implement the plan, the company must develop effective marketing strategies to attract the customers (Percy, 2008). The product has already been developed comprising of executive meal for the customers. Now communicating about this service to the target customer is an important aspect of the plan (Shimp, 2008). Email marketing is one of the most effective strategies that is used to directly reach the potential customers. The data of the potential customers could be collected through various methods. After the email ids have been collected, an appropriate email needs to be developed that highlights the core message of the campaign. Subject of Email: The subject of the email must be able to capture the attention of the user so that the reader is compelled to open the mail. The subject line would be â€Å"Enjoy your meal comfortably at your office†. This is more likely to attract the attention of the reader. Message Strategy: The image below effectively communicates the subject of the campaign. Introducing Executive Platter Services for Executives and Professional! Save Your Travelling Time and Order Placement Time By Subscribing To Our Services. Enjoy our Scrumptious Meal with varieties and flavors. For more details, contact Kudu Restaurant team: Phone: 966 (1) 419 – 1440, Email: info@kudu.com.sa Forecasting is an important element of a marketing plan that helps to project the future trends in the market. It assists to analyze the future market conditions and how would the market respond to the marketing campaign. The marketing plan targets the market segment of commercial office that are located in the centre region of Riyadh. Initially, the targeted offices include the region of Bahrain Tower, Commercial Business District and Olaya Towers so as to deliver effective services. The target group comprises of around one thousand customers and around 20% of them are likely to respond to the advertisement. Thus, the team must prepare to be able to serve to around two hundred customers. There are several methods to measure and control the marketing campaign and include the following: Egan, J. (2007). Marketing Communication. UK: Cengage Learning EMEA. Kubicki, M. (2015). The Marketing Mix:  Master the 4 Ps of marketing. US: 50 Minutes. Kudu. (2017). Heritage. Kudu. Available at: https://www.en.kudu.com.sa/heritage [Accessed Online 5 May 2017]. Lamb, C.W., Hair, J.F., and McDaniel, C. (2008). Essential of Marketing. Cengage Learning. Luther, W.M. (2011). The Marketing Plan:  How to Prepare and Implement it. New York: AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. McDonald, M. (2007). Marketing Plans:  How to Prepare Them, how to Use Them. US: Butterworth-Heinemann. Percy, L. (2008). Strategic Integrated Marketing Communication:  Theory and Practice. US: Routledge. Schindler, R.M., and Schindler, R. (2011). Pricing Strategies:  A Marketing Approach. California: SAGE. Shimp, T.A. (2008). Advertising Promotion and Other Aspects of Integrated Marketing Communications. US: Cengage Learning. Yeshin, T. (2012). Integrated Marketing Communications. US: Routledge.

Culinary Class - Bocuse d'Or USA Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Culinary Class - Bocuse d'Or USA - Movie Review Example For instance, the chefs had to shop and make different recipes within a provided amount of time. In this case, it was impressive to see the chefs prepare three different meals under pressure and still maintain the time set. The chefs portrayed a high level of professionalism. This is due to the fact that they work under constant supervision and there was no time they failed to prepare a successful meal. They not only cook with enthusiasm but also make sure that all their meals look impressive and scrumptious. In my opinion, the chefs are well trained and have a passion for their work. It was intriguing to see young people working hard to master the art of cooking and also be recognized for it. This inspires as a young person to be more aggressive towards what I love and want for myself in the future. Additionally, I was inspired to see that people are proud of their cultures and the different foods they eat. In conclusion, I did not have a chance to attend the competitions but I have heard of it before. I would be honored to attend one of these competitions in the

The paper should be presented as a Journal opinion article and address Essay

The paper should be presented as a Journal opinion article and address an economic issue of current interest to Wall Street Journal readers - Essay Example The expedition in launching the mars exploration spacecraft has triggered a heated debate on the wall street journal in the past with many arguments being centered on the economics of launching the mars orbiter at an exorbitant cost while many of the Indian citizens continue to languish in poverty and living at absolute wanton. However, before such criticisms, people should be aware that governments are responsible of management of a country’s resources for the best interest of the inhabitants of the countries. Economic viability of projects informs the government in the most profitable investments to undertake. Proper evaluation of such a projects economic viability would help in advising a government on investing in the right investments or otherwise. In an article, dated 5 Nov 2013, one WSJ staff makes a collection of many of the comments that circulated among social media platforms in the wall street journal concerning the $73 million mission in undertaking mars exploration by India (Anon, para 1-3). According to many of the comments was that this was a huge undertaking that was spending so much amount of public funds, which would be otherwise spent, on improving the livelihoods of majority of the Indians through provision of food, water, improved sanitation and such other measures that would improve on their livelihoods. Nevertheless, there were also a number of comments who would reason in support of the expedition and reason that the long-term benefits to be realized through the exploration outweighed the capital investment devoted to the exploration exercise. While all opinions are justifiable, this paper chooses to object to the opinions of those who would question the investment through supporting the undertaking by the Indian government. Economic advancement and development within any economy has its roots embedded in research and development. Space exploration is therefore very essential especially within the 21st century as we

Factors Affecting Organizational Structure Essay Example for Free

Factors Affecting Organizational Structure Essay A companys organizational structure can determine its success or failure upon entry into the market. The decisions a small-business owner makes in choosing management and employee roles within the company help determine the organizational structure and can have a large influence on the culture within the business. If structure doesnt reflect the owners business goals, employees may have a hard time working successfully for the company. Change management process Research-based, holistic model for managing the people side of changewww. change-management.com Size of Business As a small-business owner, the size of your company can have a significant influence on the organizational structure of your company. If youre running a sole proprietorship with a few employees, you may not even need a well-defined organizational structure if you perform all the management functions of the business. A larger organization requires more structure to allow its different components to communicate effectively with one another. For example, a full-service restaurant requires a kitchen manager, floor manager, bar manager and general manager to run each division within the establishment and keep the employees in each division working to task. Stage of Development The stage of your companys development can dictate its needs regarding organizational structure. The youth stage of a companys life cycle emphasizes growth and the needs of the customer. This may require you as a business owner to develop an organizational structure around increased customer service, including a system to handle complaints and develop better service strategies. At this stage youre still very much in control of the majority of the companys day-to-day business decisions. By contrast, in the midlife stage of development, your company may require more levels of management to handle the growing departments with the company. Organizational structure may feel more mechanized with you as the owner somewhat removed from the day-to-day running of the company. Reflecting Organizational Culture The business culture you wish to project to your employees can dictate aspects of your companys organizational structure. For example, a company with multiple redundancies in the management infrastructure may prize procedure- and rule-following, whereas a company with a more lax management approach may encourage a culture of personal ownership among employees. Each culture has its place and benefits. A construction or manufacturing company has greater need of organizational structure and redundancy in the management infrastructure than a law firm where employees are working independently under the loose rubric of senior partners in management roles. Overall Business Strategy How your company intends to enter the market and become successful can play a role in how you choose to set up its organizational structure. For example, an aggressive marketing and product-placement strategy may require multiple department heads to coordinate efforts and ensure no portion of the companys larger plan lags behind the rest. Alternatively, a more methodical development strategy may require a smaller, more focused organizational structure, so you can actively monitor all the details of a plan and survey progress.

Stephen J. Hawking By Rachel Finck :: essays research papers

Stephen J. Hawking by Rachel Finck   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stephen Hawking was born in January of 1942 in Oxford, England. He grew up near London and was educated at Oxford, from which he received his BA in 1962, and Cambridge, where he received his doctorate in theoretical physics. Stephen Hawking is a brilliant and highly productive researcher, and, since 1979, he has held the Lucasian professorship in mathematics at Cambridge, the very chair once held by Isaac Newton. Although still relatively young, Hawking is already being compared to such great intellects as Newton and Albert Einstein. Yet it should be noted that since the early 1960s he has been the victim of a progressive and incurable motorneurone disease, ALS, that now confines him to a wheelchair. This affliction prevents Hawking from reading, writing, or calculating in a direct and simple way. The bulk of his work, involving studying, publishing, lecturing, and worldwide travel, is carried on with the help of colleagues, friends, and his wife. Of his illness, Hawking has said that it has enhanced his career by giving him the freedom to think about physics and the Universe.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stephen Hawking has written many essays involving the unified theory, which is a theory summarizing the entire of the physical world; a theory that would stand as a complete, consistent theory of the physical interactions that would describe all possible observations. Our attempts at modeling physical reality normally consists of two parts: a) A set of local laws that are obeyed by the various physical quantities, formulated in terms of differential equations, and b) Sets of boundary conditions that tell us the state of some regions of the universe at a certain time and what effects propagate into it subsequently from the rest of the universe. Presently, physicist are still trying to unify two separate theories to describe everything in the universe. The two theories are the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Albert Einstein formulated the general theory of relativity almost single-handedly in 1915. First, in 1905, he developed the special theory of relativity, which deals with the concept of people measuring different time intervals, while moving at different speeds, yet measuring the same speed for the speed of light, regardless of velocity. In 1915, he developed the general theory of relativity. This theory dealt with the concept of gravity as a distortion of space-time, and not just a force within it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Einstein's original equations predicted that the universe was either expanding or contracting. Einstein's equations showed that mass and energy are always positive, which is why gravity always attracts bodies toward each other.

How Our Ability to Get a Job Will Be Influenced

Explain how our ability to get a job will be influenced by our availability and access to resources There are many factors that influence one’s ability to get a job. These can range from a person’s age, gender and education to a person’s lack of communication skills or contacts. These are known as resources. Certain resources can be available to someone depending on their capability to build and maintain them. The availability of resources to a person can influence who they are, how they live and even effect how they are able to get a job.Resources can be either positive or negative in someone’s life. Positive resources allow and give a person better chances, especially when I comes to applying for and upholding a job. Access to resources that are of the positive nature are always a bonus for someone who wishes to excel in their life as well as their job. There are a vast range of resources such as â€Å"richer† lifestyle, better clothes, developmen t of skills, higher education, better contacts and a higher regard in society. Being from a high status group often means that a person has more money.Having more money available to one’s lifestyle allows for a lot of these positive resources become a reality. Having better clothes and a richer lifestyle can become a reality if a high income is made. However not all resources are influenced by money. Resources such as contacts and social skills are made through one’s own personal skills. Having a vast range of positive resources gives a person the opportunity to demonstrate their full potential straight way which gives a person a better opportunity to obtain the job that they are applying for.The type of job also depends on the types of resources are needed for the applicant to uphold. Having a lack of resources available to one during an interview for a job could see the applicant unfit, as they do not meet the required outlines of the job. Poor communication skills, lack of education, lack of presentation skills can limit a person’s chances of getting the job they want. They are often the result of having a limited income. Resources are very important when applying for a job and the more positive esources someone has the better chance of obtaining the job. They influence one’s ability to get a job and are found as either positive or negative. It’s clear to see that someone having positive resources that fit the criteria of a certain job is going to have the upper hand when finally obtaining that job. However it is obvious that it all depends on the type of job that someone is applying for because someone can be over qualified when applying for a job.

Gospels of Mathew, Mark, Luke and John: The New Testament

1Introduction The four New Testament (NT) gospels of Mathew, Mark, Luke and John present four accounts of the life and ministry of Jesus. Bible scholars and historians assigned the gospel names and their authors as Matthew, Mark, Luke and John respectively. [1] The three gospels, of Matthew, Mark and Luke are known as the Synoptic gospels. [2] The aim of this paper is to discuss the main themes and focuses of each of canonical gospels and show how they relate to reveal a complete picture of Jesus' life and work. 2The Gospels a) Matthew Matthew was one of the first twelve disciples. It would appear that his intended audience were Jews, and he presented Jesus mainly as the King, the Son of David and the promised Messiah-King. He records Jesus’ genealogy showing Jesus is descendant from the royal line of David. In (1:1), he also introduces Jesus as the Son of David. Matthew records more teaching concerning God’s kingdom, for example the entire Sermon on the Mount. The term â€Å"Kingdom of Heaven† appears 33 times and â€Å"Kingdom of God† 4 times. [3] Matthew’s gospel is listed first in the NT because it seems that it is bridging the OT and NT, ushering the Jewish reader from the familiar OT story to Jesus in the NT[4]. Matthew narrates the gospel to convince the Jewish audience of Jesus’ link with the Jewish history and Jesus’ fulfilment of OT prophesies. The gospel is recognised as the â€Å"Teaching Gospel†. [5] When Jesus teaches, he demonstrates His authority as King over physical, psychological, spiritual diseases and even over elements created by God. (5:17, 4:24, 8:1-17, 23-27) Jesus’ authority is recorded, (28:18-20) ‘All authority has been given to Me in heaven and on earth†¦. ‘ b) Mark Mark is the shortest of the gospels, the probable intended audience were gentiles specifically in Rome and he presents Jesus mainly as the Servant. The gospel commences with Jesus as a grown up and does not record the birth and childhood and omits Jesus’ genealogy. He translates the Aramaic phrases for his audience and uses more Latin and less OT quotations suggesting that he wrote for non-Jewish who did not understand the Jewish language. [6] Mark concentrated on Jesus' miraculous works and the gospel is also known as an â€Å"action† gospel because the language he uses is action packed. He uses phrases and words such as â€Å"immediately†, â€Å"at once†, â€Å"as soon as†, â€Å"quickly† stressing his focus on action. 7] He writes with the aim of converting his audience by proving that Jesus is the Son of God, a Jesus of power and action. Marks’ audience faced persecution and martyrdom and so he also writes to strengthen them. He needed to tell them that Jesus had also suffered, and had triumphed over suffering and death. [8] c) Luke Luke was a doctor who got his information fr om many eye-witnesses. The book may have been commissioned by a non-Christian Roman official called Theophilus (1:3,4). Luke’s gospel also is a sequel to the book of Acts. This gospel is the longest of all NT books. It bridges the events between Christ and the establishment of the church. [9] His genealogy traces Jesus' roots back to Adam versus genealogy tracing back to the Jewish Abraham. [10] There appears to be evidence in Colossians 4:10-14 that Luke was a gentile, therefore suggesting his audience may have been gentiles and the only gentile to have his writings canonised. He portrays Jesus as saviour by including more distinct healing miracles and parables than the other gospels. [11] Luke records more narrative of the events, and he alone records John the Baptist’s parentage and records the longest period. Luke emphasises that salvation is for all and more of Jesus at prayer. [12] He may have wanted the gentiles to know that they had the same access to God and presents God’s grace as available to all. e) John Reading the NT gospels shows that the content and style between John and the Synoptic gospels is different. John lived to be older than any of the gospel writers, therefore it is possible he was aware of the Synoptic gospels and thus wanted to compliment rather than produce a similar account. John brings out the spiritual significance more than the other gospels. 13] ‘There are more extended discourses in John and Jesus employs more rabbinical methods. ‘[14] John’s purpose of writing is found in John 20:31, ‘but these are written that you may believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and that believing you may have life in His name. ‘ He wrote to show that God was for the whole world, (3:16) and had worked through His chosen people, no w was working by Word become man. The few miracles that he describes can only be attributed to God Himself. He stresses Jesus’ deity, (1:1) Jesus is the Word, that is God who became man. Jesus confirms this verse by many â€Å"I am statements† for example: the bread of life, the light of the world. [15] These â€Å"I am† statements had an important meaning as they were the words God used when He spoke to Moses from the burning bush showing and proving His divinity. (Exodus 3:6). Throughout the gospel, he records the relationship of Father and Son. For example, those who hate the Son hate the Father, making it impossible to accept the Father if one is not a Christian (8:28) and (15:23). Some of these recordings may lead others to believe that the gospel was intended for the Jews. ) Common Ground All four gospels have recorded the witness of John the Baptist, the call and the instruction of the disciples, the feeding of the 5000, Peter’s confession of faith, the triumphal entry into Jerusalem, his trial, condemnation and crucifixion, his resurrection from the dead on the third day, his resurrection appearances and his commissioning of his disciples among many others. [16] In addition there are numerous specific sayings which are common or appear in parallel form in all four gospels. There is also material only found in either one or two or three of the Synoptic gospels. There is material that is unique to Matthew, to Mark, to Luke and to John. Most Bible scholars agree that Mark is the earliest gospel and that it was used as a source by Matthew and Luke,[17] Matthew and Luke also used another hypothetical source called â€Å"Q†. [18] This priority of Mark would explain why the Synoptic gospels seem to share mostly the same view of their recorded events. g) Different Ground Some of the major differences in John is that he did not record Jesus' birth, wilderness test, transfiguration, parables as in the Synoptic gospels, the Lord’s supper and the agony in Gethsemane and he has more extended discourses. It could be that John used different sources or his knowledge and facts from his times as Jesus’ disciple. Some of the differences are caused by John concentrating on Jesus’ later ministry around Jerusalem during the temple feasts and the Synoptic gospels concentrate mainly on the earlier ministry in the north and around Galilee. 19] 3. Conclusion All four canonical gospels compliment one another, and present one and the same Person, Jesus the humanity’s redeemer. A Jewish audience in Matthew’s church would need to hear about how Jesus related to Judaism and a gentile in Mark or Luke’s church would want to hear the gospel presented in a way that addressed their lives and situations. When the writers were writing th ey had no idea their material would be used, included or arranged in the Bible as we know it. Therefore we can conclude that the purpose of the gospels, their unique styles and their relationship was to give a complete picture of who Jesus is and to relay the message of redemption. The differences have probably since been instrumental in attracting a diverse group of Christians to the church and in spreading the Good News of Jesus Christ. The Bible in its entirety is God-inspired and God-breathed. The triune God was actively involved in the revelation of His truth to the apostles and prophets who wrote it down. (2Timothy 3:16) Bibliography Bruce, F. F. , The New Testament Documents – Are they reliable? Grand rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 6th. edn. 1981). Drane, John, Inroducing the New Testament (Oxford, UK: Lion,1999). Garrard, David J. , New Testament Survey (Garrard and Mattersey Hall, 2006). House, Wayne H. , Chronological and Background Charts of the New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan,1981). McClaflin, Mike, Life of Christ (Springfield, Missouri: Global University , 3rd. edn. 2000). Milne, Bruce, The Message of John (London, UK: Inter-Varsity_press, 1993). Radmarcher, Earl D. , Allen, Ronald B. & House, Wayne H. , (eds. ),Nelson's NKJV Study Bible (Nashville, TN: Nelson Bibles, 1997). Youngblood, Ronald F. , Bruce, F. F. & Harrison, R. K. , (eds. ), Nelson's New Illustrated Bible Dictionary (Nashville, TN: Nelson, 1995). By Sally Masamha 11 December 2009 ———————– [1] John, Drane, Introducing the New Testament (Oxford, UK: Lion,1999), 170 [2] Mike McClaflin, Life of Christ (Springfield, Missouri: Global University, 3rd. edn. 2000), 16 [3] Earl D. Radmarcher, Ronald B. Allen & Wayne H. House (eds. ),Nelson's NKJV Study Bible (Nashville, TN: Nelson Bibles, 1997), 1573 [4] McClaflin, Life of Christ, 18 [5] McClaflin, Life of Christ, 36 [6] Drane, 197 7] David Garrard, New Testament Survey (Garrard and Mattersey Hall: Mattersey, UK, 2006), 28 [8] Radmarcher, Allen & House (Nelson's NKJV Study Bible, 1997), 1637 [9] McClaflin, 41 [10] Wayne H. House, Chronological and Background Charts of the New Testament (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan,1981), 96 [11] House, 92 [12] Radmarcher, Allen & House, 1683 [13] John, Drane, 2 08 [14] Bruce Milne, 21 [15] Radmarcher, Allen & House, 1754-1755 [16] Bruce Milne, 19-20 [17] F F. Bruce, The New Testament Documents – Are they reliable? (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 6th. edn. 1981), 27 [18] Mike McClaflin, 18 [19] Bruce Milne, 21

Biopsychosocial Model of Health Essays

Biopsychosocial Model of Health Essays Biopsychosocial Model of Health Paper Biopsychosocial Model of Health Paper The biopsychosocial model is a model that explains that health and illness are determined by interactions between biological, psychological and social factors. The model explains that disease involves several levels of functioning and one of these is the physician-patient relationship (White 2005). According to this model, psychosocial factors such as relationships and beliefs play an important role in the recovery or progression of a disease (White 2005). The model was first explained by a doctor known as George Engel who observed that disease is not only manifested in terms of pathophysiology; rather, disease simultaneously affects different levels of functioning including the family and the society (White 2005). Biomedical model is a model of illness and health which focuses solely on biological factors such as biochemistry and pathophysiology of a disease in explaining health and illness. Unlike the biopsychosocial model, the biomedical model does not take into account social and psychological factors (Miley 1999). The model originated in the mid nineteenth century and has been widely used by physicians. However, it does not answer some questions and this led to its criticism and the development of the biopsychosocial model. Compared to biopsychosocial model, the biomedical model is less explanatory for though diseases are caused by biological disruption, there are underlying social factors that lead to development of diseases (Miley 1999). For example diabetes can be as a result of sedentary lifestyle and this is a social aspect. The biomedical model has been greatly criticized. It has been greatly criticized by the psychiatrists who say that it is too narrow and thus it does not comprehensively explain psychiatric illnesses. Since the model assumes that illnesses are due to pathological conditions, that diseases have distinct symptoms, and that diseases have a time course that can be recognised, it has been controversial when used to explain disorders such as those related to substance abuse and personality since these do not conform to these principles (Sturmey 2009). The model has also been criticized for not taking into account the effect of cultural, experience, and social influences on the development of mental illnesses (Sturmey 2009). The critics say that an individual’s strengths, weaknesses, and place in society play an important role in mental health (Sturmey 2009). These shortcomings in the biomedical model led to the development of the biopsychosocial model. Engel was trying to provide a solution to unanswered questions in psychiatry and modern medicine. Health psychology is a relatively new field having been given discovered during the late 1970’s (Brannon 2009). The field emerged following the need to explain psychology’s contribution to health enhancement, prevention of disease, and treatment of disease (Brannon 2009). The field of health sociology developed following the need to understand the relationship between health and the society. The field seeks to understand how healthcare is perceived by different cultures in the society. Sigmund Freud and Ivan Pavlov are famous theorists whose theories can be applied in practice. Pavlov developed a theory known as the theory of higher nervous activity which explains that abnormal disorders in humans are as a result of the interactions between environmental conditions and an individual’s innate aspects (Pavlov 1994). He applied the concept of temperament to explain why some individuals were cowards and others brave and he attributed these to nervous processes (Pavlov 1994). These nervous processes are involved in the development of diseases such as hysteria and thus his theory can be applied in practice (Pavlov 1994). Sigmud Freud’s theory of psychosexual stages seeks to explain that our sexuality starts early in life and develops through several fixations (Smith 1999).   He says that the stages of sexual development should be psychologically completed and released to avoid trapping (Smith 1999). These ideas are relevant to practice since sex is an important part of life and the explanations provided by the theory can be used to help people who are suffering from the effects of unsuccessful sexual maturity. It seems that understanding of health and illness is very important to provision of healthcare. This has led to development of the biopsychosocial and biomedicine models. Both the models explain health and diseases and even though the biopsychosocial model seems advanced, it has its foundation in biomedical model.

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Presentation - Essay Example It is unarguable that war is a horrible thing. It causes death on a large scale, and can wound, make homeless, or otherwise harm many more people than it kills. War disrupts peoples lives, and some philosophies like Egoism might argue that getting involved in foreign wars especially is unethical. By taking a Utilitarian view, though, we can argue that even though war is horrible, it can still be an ethical action, because it may eventually benefit people in a way that not going to war and staying with the current state of affairs in a foreign country would not. One obvious example that is often questioned in ethical terms is the US-led invasion of Iraq in 2003. This is a sticky question, ethically speaking, because whether or not the war has benefited people depends on who you ask. Before the invasion, the country was ruled by Saddam Hussein, who was executed for crimes against humanity due to his 1982 attack on a village after a failed assassination attempt. It could be argued that, from a utilitarian point of view, the lives of the people of Iraq have been improved by Husseins removal from power. Now that the fighting is mostly over, and peoples lives have improved to almost where they were before, it could be argued that there has been a net gain in happiness and benefit, as the people of Iraq now live in a free, democratic nation where they do not have to deal with a tyrannical ruler. However, there are some arguments for the opposite view as well. Although the people of Iraq now no longer have to be ruled by Saddam Hussein, and have held several free and fair elections, they now have to worry about suicide bombers and extremists. Many of these attacks are over now, but the nation is still not a safe place to live, and was arguably safer under Husseins regime as long as you were not on his bad side. These problems, coupled with the undeniable suffering that

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Recruitment and Staff Selection (Moduel 3 case) - Essay Example The method in which the hiring process is conducted and the resulting decision made will have a lasting effect on the hospital. The hospital has a policy which requires all members in the senior management team to engage in ethical practices. They are also required to make effective hiring decisions based on ideal legal and ethical hiring practices. Most of the work in a hospital is funded either directly or indirectly by outside agencies. This aspect makes Mintville Memorial hospital to be generally obliged to comply with outlined regulations regarding hiring and recruitment. All members of the health organization should be fully conversant with federal and state laws on hiring practices. It is the responsibility of the Human Resource to monitor the hiring process and promulgate procedures which will be followed by the supervisor (Calvasina, et.al, 2007). This will ensure the hiring process is fair as the supervisor will be obliged to follow the appropriate process to ensure the right candidate fills the vacant position in the morning shift. The Human Resource supervisor should review the interview and application process to ensure all applications are analyzed and a candidate is chosen based on the analysis. Organizations have outlined appropriate steps which have to be followed in processes of staff hiring. These steps have been developed to provide logical and coordinated sequence of events. The supervisor will be required to follow these steps in the hiring process since choosing her own candidate may cause confusion or legal difficulties for Mintville Memorial Hospital. Employment equity was introduced by the government to ensure all individuals have access to equal opportunities in the work place. Employment equity is consistent with the human rights legislation and it recognizes the value of each individual in the work place. It therefore ensures each individual has genuine and open access to

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3rd Party Logistics - Essay Example Customer Adapter: they deal with small clients by offering all logistics functions to their clients at their request and help to improve those services without introducing new services (Dimitris, 2012). 3PL integrate with customers to provide one or more logistic related functions such as warehousing, transportation, packaging, distribution, etc. 4PL firms use the services of 3PL to offer complete supply chain solutions to other firms basing its performance on technologies, accumulation of resources and managerial capacity (Coyle et al., 2012). While 3PL targets particular functions, 4PL is involved in managing the entire logistics process. Different firms arrive at a decision on whether to hire or not to hire the services of 3PL in a variety of ways. Such decisions emanate from the corporate level, divisional level or local level. Firms learn about the services of 3PL in various ways including the â€Å"sales calls by representatives of the contract logistics firms and discussions with other logistics professionals† (Dapiran et al., 1996, p.39). Different stakeholders should discuss and come to an agreement on whether to use 3PL. If there is a mutual agreement to hire 3PL, the firm should assess various 3Pl firms in order to determine the most successful firm (Coyle et al., 2012). At this point, the organization should consider their personal knowledge of the contractor, coverage, references, prior experience, competence, expertise in project management and implementation of new system. The firm may issue a request for quotation (RFQ) in order to obtain feedback from the interested bidders upon which they can base their decision by selecting prequalified contractor. The firm receives a proposal from 3PL vendors and makes a review to match the requirements and criteria (Autry et al., 2013). The 3PL presents their company and discusses solutions and benefits. Then the firm will

Accounting Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Accounting - Research Paper Example Such expansion will entail the setting up of a store location to offer the pretzels and its new selection not only during annual state fairs, but whole year round. Its customer will no longer have to wait during annual state fairs to avail of the pretzels and its new selection but can now go to a permanent location where they can avail of the pretzels. Such expansion and setting up of store location however needs more capitalization. To this end, the present owner, son of the original owners Mr. and Mrs. Corey, will infuse a $ 50,000 capitalization to finance the expansion. The additional $50,000 loan with additional credit line will be used to cover the additional equipment to expand production and to cover additional overheads. To continue and expand the operation of Corey Pretzels and be able to cater to its unserved market by making Corey Pretzels available through a fixed store location creating and developing delicious, innovative, and a wider array of pretzels selection to the highest quality that will be appealing to different age groups and across different market segment and enhance the company’s market base and profitability. To become the leading provider of pretzel in the next two years through its distinct and delectable taste and by offering a wider array of Pretzels that is innovative and appealing while competitive in price. Pretzel is a unique knot like shape type of baked food made from dough and can be offered in a variety of soft and hard varieties and savory or sweet flavors. It originated from Europe and has a distinct symmetrical looped form. Corey Pretzels was a creation of Mr. and Mrs. John Corey who after years of participation in annual state fair has created a market following owing to the distinct taste and flavor of its pretzels. This was enhanced by the second generation of the Coreys who after experimenting for new flavors of the original

The Monetary And Fiscal Policy Of Iceland

The Monetary And Fiscal Policy Of Iceland The country of Iceland is the smallest economy within the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) with a gross domestic product (GDP) in 2007 of about $11.8billion. The Icelandic economy has been based on marine and energy resources. More recently, Iceland has developed a very strong services sector, which accounts for two-thirds of the economic output. Since the start of the decade i.e. from 2000, Iceland has experienced particularly strong growth in its financial services sector. Trade accounts for a large share of Icelands GDP, with imports accounting for 46% in value and exports accounting for 35% in value of goods and services of GDP. Icelands main export item was fish and other marine products until the year 2006, when Iceland began to capitalize on its abundant thermal energy resources to produce and export aluminum. A combination of economic factors over the early to mid-2000s led to Icelands current economic and banking distress. In particular, access to easy credit, a boom in domestic construction that fueled rapid economic growth and a broad deregulation of Icelands financial sector spurred the banks to expand rapidly abroad and eventually played a role in the eventual financial collapse. Iceland benefited from favorable global financial conditions that reduced the cost of credit and a sweeping liberalization of its domestic financial sector that spurred rapid growth and encouraged Icelands banks to spread quickly throughout Europe. The 2008-2009 Icelandic financial crisis was a major ongoing economic crisis in Iceland that involved the collapse of all three of the countrys major banks (Kaupthing, Landsbanki, Glitnir) following their difficulties in refinancing their short-term debt and a run on deposits in the United Kingdom. Relative to the size of its economy, Icelands banking collapse was the largest suffered by any country in economic history of the world. This was the main reason why Iceland had to suffer so much in the crisis. Commenting on the need for emergency measures, Prime Minister Geir Haarde said on 6 October 2008, There [was] a very real danger that the Icelandic economy, in the worst case, could be sucked with the banks into the whirlpool and the result could have been national bankruptcy. He also stated that the actions taken by the government had ensured that the Icelandic state would not actually go bankrupt. At the end of the second quarter 2008, Icelands external debt was 9.553 trillion Icelandic krà ³nur (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬50 billion), more than 80% of which was held by the banking sector. This value compares with Icelands 2007 gross domestic product of 1.293 trillion krà ³nur (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬8.5 billion). The assets of the three banks taken under the control of the FME totaled 14.437 trillion krà ³nur at the end of the second quarter 2008. MONETARY POLICY Monetary policy is the process a the government, central bank, or monetary authority of a country uses to control (i) the supply of money, (ii) availability of money, and (iii) cost of money or rate of interest to attain a set of objectives oriented towards the growth and stability of the economy. Monetary theory therefore provides insight into how to craft optimal monetary policy. Monetary policy is contrasted with fiscal policy, which refers to government borrowing, spending and taxation. During the financial crisis, Icelands monetary policy credibility had been very seriously damaged. Unsatisfactory inflation outcomes had already undermined the credibility of the monetary framework, even before the financial crisis started and, consequently, inflation expectations were poorly anchored. Icelandic economists had said that due to the huge impact of the crisis, rebuilding the credibility was likely to take time, and also maintaining it might be very difficult. However, after the crisis, the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) had voted to lower the Central Bank interest rates by 0.5 %. By supporting the interest rate cut, it lead to the appreciation of the krona in trade weighted terms. As in the ISLM Model, a decrease in the interest rates leads to an increase in the money supply. Therefore, this has lead to an expansionary monetary policy, as the interest rates were lowered, and also the MPC supported or voted for lower interest rates. MONETARY POLICY GRAPH The above graph shows the shift in the LM towards right, which has lead to an expansion in the LM curve. Since the MPC voted for a lower interest rates , the money supply was increased. Therefore, the LM curve shifts from LM1 to LM2, leading to an expansionary of the monetary policy. FISCAL POLICY In economics, fiscal policy can be defined as the use of government expenditure and revenue collection to influence the economy. Fiscal policy refers to the overall effect of the budget outcome on economic activity. There are three possible stances of fiscal policy: Neutral stance, which implies a balanced budget where, govt. spending = Tax Revenue Expansionary stance, increase in the govt. spending and reduction in tax revenue Contractionary stance, decrease in the govt. spending and increase in tax revenue During the financial crisis, there was an increased government debt. Due to the recession and rising debt servicing costs, the public deficit was projected to be above 10% of GDP in 2009, adding to the public debt burden. As a result, a considerable fiscal consolidation was therefore needed to put public finances back on a sustainable path and to pave the road for a successful euro-area entry. It was also important to reduce the deficit vigorously in the coming years, so that the country can reach the goal of balance. In order to eliminate the deficit, the government of Iceland had the option of tax increases as well as spending cuts, it then decided to opt for the former as they were easier to introduce immediately. The starting point for the tax increases would have been to reverse tax cuts implemented over the boom years, but Iceland could no longer afford. This would involve the increase in the personal income tax and also lift the reduced rate of VAT (Value Added Tax). This planned fiscal consolidation, would involve measures which would help to contain the expenditures. FISCAL POLICY GRAPH The above graph, shows the shift in the IS curve towards left, which leads to the contraction of the IS curve. Since the govt. decided to reduce their expenditure and increase the taxation, in order to consolidate the fiscal policy, the IS has moved towards left, leading to an contractionary fiscal policy. INFLATION In economics, inflation can be defined as the rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. When the price level rises, then each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services; consequently, annual inflation is also erosion in the purchasing power of money a loss of real value in the internal medium of exchange and unit of account in the economy. The effects of inflation on an economy are manifold and can have both simultaneously positive and negative impacts. Since Iceland, comes from a small domestic market, the banks in Iceland have financed their expansion from getting loans on the inter-bank lending market and, more recently, by getting deposits from outside Iceland (which are also a form of external debt). Large amount of debt was also taken by the households, which was equivalent to 213% of the disposable income, causing inflation in the country. Due to the practice of the Central Bank of Iceland issuing loans (liquidity)to the different banks on the basis of uncovered bonds which are newly issued and printing money on demand, this lead to inflation being exacerbated. Due to the financial crisis, the country of Iceland suffered inflation. On 25th of March 2008, popular website, Bloomberg.com that Iceland had raised its rates to 15% by raising its repo rate by a huge 1.25% in one day. The website also reported that the country was facing an inflation rate of about 7%. However, the Central Bank of Iceland had a goal of maintaining the inflation rate of about 2.5%. Also the Icelandic currency, krona has declined against the euro, from about 100 ISK per euro at the beginning of the year (2008), to its nadir of 125 on March 19 2008. Due to the interest rate hike it had the effect of moving it to about 116 from about 122. In August 2006, the country of Iceland made news when it had increased its interest rate to 13.5%. At that time, the krona was very strong against the euro. Iceland made news previously in August, 2006 when it increased its interest rate to 13.5%. The krona was then trading at a stronger at 90 to one euro. Some main factors why Iceland incurred inflation was mainly due to, the value of krona depreciated, secondly the prices of various commodities kept on soaring, and lastly, there was uncertain effect on wage agreements on labour costs. Since the financial crisis brought a huge change in the development of the economies in the world, as well as making many banks go bankrupt, the Icelandic debt is now over 320 billion krona, which is roughly about $4 billion US dollars. This figure is huge; as one can say considering that its about a quarter of their GDP. INFLATION GRAPH Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2010 6.60 7.30 8.50 2009 18.60 17.58 15.19 11.89 11.63 12.18 11.32 10.90 10.81 9.71 8.63 7.50 2008 5.77 6.79 8.72 11.76 12.32 12.74 13.55 14.54 14.02 15.89 17.15 18.13 2007 6.89 7.41 5.87 5.29 4.67 4.01 3.76 3.45 4.18 4.47 5.19 5.86 The above graph shows Icelandic inflation rate over the past 3 years. In the graph, one can make out how the inflation rate climbed up consistently in the year 2008, whereas in the year 2009, the inflation rates kept on falling except in the month of June where it increased, but since then it had kept on decreasing. In the year 2008, the reason why inflation rate climbed up consistently, was because of the krona which had been depreciating, where as in the year 2009, the inflation rates kept on falling as the property prices fell, which resulted in the fall of prices. UNEMPLOYMENT Unemployment can be defined as people who do not have a job, have actively looked for work in the past four weeks, and are currently available for work. Also, people who were temporarily laid off and are waiting to be called back to that job are counted as unemployed. Some types of unemployment are listed below: Structural Unemployment. Frictional Unemployment. Cyclical Unemployment. Since the financial crisis, lead to large percentage of unemployment all over the world, Iceland was also one of them which had a quite high rate of unemployment. Unemployment in Iceland increased tree times more by the end of November 2008. There were more than 7000 registered jobseekers (about 4% of the workforce) in November compared to just 2136 at the end of August 2008. The debt repayment had become more costly as household debt (80%) and 13% denominated in foreign currencies had become indexed. The impact of the crisis was such that since October 2008, 14% of the total workforce had experienced reductions in pay, whereas around 7% of the workforce had their working hours reduced. According to IFL (Icelandic Federation of Labour) president Gylfi Arnbjà ¶rnsson, the above figures were lower than expected More than 85% of the workforce who were currently registered as unemployed in the country, stated that they had become unemployed or lost their jobs in October after that, due to the economic collapse. In December 2008, the unemployed figures which were registered in Iceland was 4.8 per cent, or around 7,902 people an increase of some 45 percent in November, according to the figures from the Directorate of Labour. These unemployment figures were the highest, Iceland had recorded since January 1997. In the same month i.e. December in the year 2007, unemployment rate partly was 0.8 percent, or 1.357 people. The Directorate of Labour had estimated that the figure will rise to 6.4-6.9 percent by the end of January 2009. Among those unemployed, the rate of unemployment among young people had increased the fastest, with the number of registered 16 to 24 year olds jumping from 1,408 to 2,069 in the month to the end of December 2008. This age group accounts for 23 percent of the entire jobless total. UNEMPLOYMENT GRAPHS GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is defined in economics as a basic measure of a countrys overall economic output. It is the market value of all final goods and services made within the borders of a country in a year. It is often positively correlated with the standard of living, though its use as a stand-in for measuring the standard of living has come under increasing criticism and many countries are actively exploring alternative measures to GDP for that purpose. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) can be determined in three ways, all of which should in principle give the same result. They are the product (or output) approach, the income approach, and the expenditure approach. Prior to the 2008-2010 crises, the economy of Iceland had achieved high growth, also had a low rate of unemployment, and a remarkably even distribution of income all over the country. The economy depended heavily on the fishing industry which is the main source of their income, which provides 70% of export earnings and employs 10% of the work force. Icelands economy had been diversifying into manufacturing and service industries in the last decade, with new developments in software production, biotechnology, and tourism. During the global financial crisis, the crisis-stricken Icelandic economys GDP shrank by a record 6.5% in 2009, despite having a decent growth of 1% in 2008 and massive growth of 6% in 2007. The decrease in the gross domestic product (GDP) by 6.5% was a record in the national accounts of Iceland. There was a sharp decline in GDP in last year (2009) as the domestic expenditure plunged by 20.1%, then the household consumption also fell to 14.6% due to unemployment and government consumption dwindled by 3%. Also, Icelands fixed capital formation dropped by 49.9%. These were the reasons why the gross domestic product (GDP) fell by a huge margin, in the year 2009. After the crisis, the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Iceland managed to expand at an annual rate of 3.30 percent in the last quarter i.e. in the year 2009. Iceland Gross Domestic Product is now worth 17 billion dollars or 0.03% of the world economy, according to the World Bank. Icelands Scandinavian-type social-market economy combines a capitalist structure and free-market principles with an extensive welfare system, including generous housing subsidies. GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) GRAPH Year Mar Jun Sep Dec Average 2009 -5.10 -0.40 -7.20 3.30 -2.35 2008 2.90 -6.00 1.80 3.20 0.48 2007 2.10 0.80 5.10 -1.00 1.75 The above graph, describes the changes in the gross domestic product (GDP) of Iceland over the past 3 years. During the years 2007 2008, Iceland recorded a growth in the GDP, which helped in boosting the Icelandic economy. However, most of the year in 2009, it recorded a huge decline of 6.5%, except in the last quarter i.e. in the month of December where it a recorded a positive GDP. The main reasons why the GDP declined in the year 2009 was because the household consumption, the government consumption, as well the domestic expenditure rate had fallen massively, resulting in a negative GDP for the most part of the year. CURRENCY In economics, the term currency can refer either to a particular currency, which comprises the physical aspects of a nations money supply. The other part of a nations money supply consists of money deposited in banks (sometimes called deposit money), ownership of which can be transferred by means of cheques or other forms of money transfer such as credit and debit cards Due to the effects of the financial crisis, there was In October 2008, the effects of the 2007/08 global financial crisis brought about a collapse of the Icelandic banking sector. The value of the Icelandic krà ³na plummeted, and on 7 October 2008 the Icelandic Central Bank attempted to peg the it at 131 against the euro.[4] This peg was abandoned the next day.[5] The krà ³na later fell to 340 against the euro before trade in the currency was suspended[6] (by comparison, the rate at the start of 2008 was about 90 krà ³nur to the euro[7]). After a period of tentative, very low-volume international trading in the krà ³na, activity had been expected to pick up again throughout November 2008, albeit still with low liquidity, as Iceland secured an IMF loan.[8] However as of January 2009 the krona was still not being traded regularly, with the ECB reference rate being set only intermittently, the last time on December 3, 2008 at 290 ISK per euro.[9] The Icelandic krona similarly fell in value against the US dollar, from ca. 50 to 80 per dollar to about 110-115 per dollar; by mid-November 2008 it had continued its slide to ca. 135 to the dollar. As of April 2, 2009, the value hovered around 119 per US dollar.[10] Previously high costs for foreign tourists thereby dropped, which Icelands tourism industry hopes to exploit.[11] INTERNATIONAL TRADE The economy of Iceland is small and subject to high volatility. Iceland has a mixed economy with high levels of free trade and government intervention. Iceland has a free market economy with relatively low taxes compared with other OECD countries. However, government consumption is less than in other Nordic countries. Icelands trade policy is pursued along three main tracks: multilateral trade liberalisation through the WTO, regional liberalisation through the European Economic Area (EEA) with its EFTA/EEA partners and the European Union and finally, bilateral free trade agreements in cooperation with its EFTA partners Norway, Liechtenstein and Switzerland. Icelands international treaties have strengthened foreign trade. The EEA Agreement covers the free movement of goods, persons, capital and services. Membership in the EEA in 1994 and the Uruguay Round agreement brought greater market access for Icelands exports, capital, labor, and goods and services, especially seafood products. Agriculture is heavily subsidized and protected by the government, with some tariffs ranging as high as 700 percent. Iceland is a part of the World Trade Organisation (WTO). The WTO was established on the 1st of January 1995. It is an organization designed to supervise and liberalize international trade. Since the early 1990s, Iceland and its other partners in the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland have established an extensive network of contractual free trade relations in Central and Eastern Europe, the Mediterranean region and with countries in other parts of the world. The WTO deals with controlling of trade between participating countries; it provides a framework for negotiating trade agreements. The country has signed a large number of multilateral and bilateral agreements. Iceland is furthermore strongly committed to the Doha Development Agenda and a fair and equitable outcome that will benefit the entire membership. Iceland support s the Doha Development Agenda Global Trust Fund, which is intended to assist developing countries in taking advantage of the opportunities created by increased trade liberalization. Iceland exports 40% of fish and fish products, 40% of aluminum and alloys and animal products. The main imports are machinery and equipment, petroleum products, foodstuffs and textiles and Cement. Icelands primary import partner is Germany, with 12.6%, followed by the United States, Norway, and Denmark. Currently, the largest trading partner countries are Germany, the UK, the Netherlands and the Nordic countries. The fishing industry is one of the most important industries. It provides 70% of export income and employs 6.0% of the workforce; therefore, the state of the economy remains sensitive to world prices for fish products.  [i]  The diversity of Icelands exports has, however, increased significantly in recent years, due to structural reforms and privatisation of state owned entities in finance a nd other sectors. Exports of manufactured products have been growing rapidly. Services now account for 36% of total export revenues while in 1990 the share was 26%. Icelands ratio of services to total trade is one of the highest among OECD countries. It is the Governments stated objective to provide Icelandic agriculture with a realistic opportunity to adapt to changes in its operating environment, to the benefit of farmers and consumers alike. The growth of international trade had been affected in the 1930s by the existence of tariffs and other barriers to international trade. To avoid such problems an agreement, the general Agreement of Trade and Tariffs, was concluded between 44 countries which included Iceland. Iceland joined GATT in 1968. GATT stated that an international agreement should be created which required a binding code of conduct for international trade; its main objective was the liberalization of world trade. Its principle was that there would be mutual benefits if international trade took place on the basis of non-discrimination and should be gradually reduced through negotiations. The liberalization for international trade gave Iceland confidence in their trade. During the period 2003-07, Iceland developed from a nation best known for its fishing industry into a country providing sophisticated financial services, but was consequently hit particularly hard by the 2008 global financial crisis, which extended into 2009.  [ii]   Self-protection and self-preservation have characterized Icelands foreign trade policy since its independence from Denmark. While Iceland is a highly developed country, until the 20th century, it was among the poorest countries in Western Europe. However, strong economic growth has led Iceland to be ranked first in the United Nations Human Development Index report for 2007/2008.  [iii]   TARIFF Iceland enjoys some of the strongest economic freedoms among all countries However; Iceland is very isolationist as regards to the import of farm products and licenses as well as state monopolies of imports (undergoing a dismantling). Some plant products such as potatoes and flowers are subject to seasonal limitations. Iceland implements high tariffs on agricultural products in order to protect the domestic agricultural sector. Tariffs on certain varieties of vegetables, e.g. tomatoes, cucumbers and bell peppers are significantly higher during the growing season to protect domestic greenhouse producers. Meat and dairy products, and potatoes are also protected by substantial duties. Animal feed can carry tariffs up to 55%. Over 90% of imports are not subject to import restrictions or duties other than the same value-added tax applied to domestically produced goods. Special excise taxes are levied on sugar and some sugar products, potatoes, and motor vehicles. Agricultural products remain the most heavily taxed. In March 1970, Iceland acquired full membership in EFTA. On 28 February 1973, Iceland ratified a trade agreement with the European Community (later named the European Union) leading to the elimination of tariffs on industrial goods. A law authorizing the establishment of free trade zones went into effect in 1992. Icelands trade regime underwent considerable liberalization in the 1990s with accession to the European Economic Area (EEA) in 1993, and the Uruguay Round in 1994. Current duty rates generally range from 0% to 30% ad valorem and the average weighted tariff is 3.6%. Some goods enter duty-free, such as meat, fish, and dairy products. Icelands average MFN applied tariff is 5.9%. A high percentage of tariff lines (70%) benefit from duty free treatment. The average MFN applied tariff rate for agricultural products is 18.3% (WTO definition) compared with 2.5% for other goods.  [iv]   Iceland offers preferential tariffs on imports from 37 WTO Members under several free-trade agreements. Regional liberalization has advanced the most within the framework of the European Economic Area (EEA); nonetheless, the average tariff on products from EEA partners is still 3.2%, reflecting the exclusion of several agricultural products from duty-free treatment. A new Customs Law came into force on 1 January 2006 (Act No. 88/2005). According to the authorities, customs clearance for all importation aspects is computerized; electronic data interchange (EDI) covers 98% of the declarations of import and export firms. Customs clearance using EDI takes a matter of minutes, or a few hours if processed manually.