The Developing Manager Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Developing Manager - Assignment Example This therefore means that they are all important, with the main goal being the identification of weaknesses and working on them. The following discussion will focus majorly on managerial skills and leadership characteristics that bring success in the hospitality industry. Question 1.1 Compare and contrast 3 different management styles that are used in an international hotel of your choice For the purpose of this discussion, the Hilton Hotel has been selected for analysis and completion of the assignment. The three main management styles in the hospitality industry are direct authoritative, pacesetters, and democratic affiliative. In the former category, the manager sets very high standards, and ensures that the performance is consistent (Cousins, Foskett, & Gillespie, 2000, 110). They do not tolerate non-performing members. Pacesetters make personal high standards within the organization. They are hard-working and hence motivate the rest of the employees to emulate them. Finally, the democratic affiliative managers ensure they involve others in making decisions, before they can set the standards. All the three are related in the sense that they are aimed at setting high standards within the international hotels. Managerial styles play a significant role in the international hotels (Cousins, Foskett, & Gillespie, 2000, 124). ... Managers understand that they do not have all the answers, hence involve other members. The other comparison is that the managers are the final decision makers. This is especially when the committee fails to agree on which direction should be followed to achieve certain goals. This owes to the fact that the managers have the duty to ensure that the hotels remain functional. They have the right of making any informed decisions, since they will be responsible for failing to act. Thirdly, the three types of managers are the main people behind the mission, vision and goals of the institution. They have articulated them, prompting them to make decisions, and proposals that are in line with what the hotel intends to achieve. For this reason, any activity taking place within the business has to be aligned with the set objectives. Fourthly, the three types of managers have the responsibility of maintaining discipline within the staff members. They reward and punish those who perform exceptio nally, and those who fail to adhere with the rules and regulations respectively. For instance, they may reward employees through promotion, increased wages and salaries, and creating an opportunity for them to add more skills and knowledge. On the other hand, non-compliant employees may be punished through sacking, especially when they are involved in gross misconduct. This is done with an aim of ensuring that all the staff members adhere to the set rules and regulations. This also ensures that the relationship between the customers and the hotel is enhanced. In addition to that, the reputation of the hotel is upheld, which is imperative in a competitive environment. Another major comparison between the three is that the managers set the organization culture. The latter

Islamic Banking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Islamic Banking - Essay Example Some recent developments, however, is presenting opportunities for Islamic banks. It should be noted that the Islamic finance market has already matured to $200 billion in assets. Therefore, companies should employ the accurate strategies to capture these markets. The operation of Islamic banks rests on two important tenets: no interest and socially responsible investing (Islamic Banking in UK 2006). These principles practiced by Islamic banks are dictated by the Quran. Usury or the process of lending funds at exorbitant interest rates is strictly prohibited. Also, money or financing acquired from banks can only be used for worthy cause. Financial resources should never be used to fund activities such as illegal drugs, weapons, alcohol, pornography, and terrorism. Analysing this system, we can see that Islamic banks will be more preferred by borrowers than depositors. As these financial institutions do not promise interest on the funds deposited by customers, non-Moslem investors will see it more profitable to utilize the services of conventional commercial banks. This type of product can only be targeted to the adherents of Islam which advocates this type of banking practice. The use of these principles in Islamic banking could have motivated businesses and entrepreneurs to use these financial services. It can be seen that the financing products and services offered by Islamic banks operates on profit and loss sharing (PLS). ... Islamic Mortgage Finance One of the products of Islamic bank which has gained wide acceptance and popularity in the United Kingdom is mortgage finance. As opposed to the conventional mortgage financing, Islamic banks buy and own the commodity for the client. The client then purchases the product from the bank at a markup within a specified period of time. After full payment has been made, the ownership of the property will be transferred from the bank to the client. The success of Islamic banking in the United Kingdom is indicated by t he report of Research and Markets. According to the agency, the market for Islamic banking now reached $164 million. The segment also shows fast paced growth at an average annual rate of 68.1%. This is over and above the industry average of 16.2%. If this trend will continue, the total value of Islamic mortgage banking will be equivalent to over $1billion in 2010 while conventional banking will suffer from intense rivalry. It should also be noted that currently, the profitability of Islamic banking is indicated by the participation of commercial banks like HSBC and Lloyds TSB in the market. It was found out that in 2003, there is only one Islamic lender in UK. Currently, this number has already increased to five. However, it should be recognized that the Islamic banking, specifically Islamic mortgages command only a small portion of the market in UK. One of the hindrance of mortgage finance is the stamp tax duty. Recommendations The success of Islamic banking in the United Kingdom together with the acceptance of the non-Moslem population implies that this type of financial intermediation can be embraced by other clients in the global market. After the above analysis, this report

International Entrepreneurship leads to greater cultural understanding

International Entrepreneurship leads to greater cultural understanding Globalization of the world market brings new possibilities as well as enormous hurdles for both established and young businesses. With the emergence of international entrepreneurship, entrepreneurs are concentrating on specific issues that they face operating in complex environments affected by diverse national cultures and institutional influences (Johanson Vahlne, 2009). New global entrepreneurs depend on global networks for resources, distribution, and designs for growth. International entrepreneurs realize that success in a new marketplace requires agility, ingenuity, and certainty with a global viewpoint to acquire sustainability. Thus, global thinking is beneficial since foreign business clients can choose ideas, products, and services from many countries and cultures. However, entering into a foreign environment and culture can also become an obstacle psychologically in and of itself for the individual international entrepreneur (Mitchell et al., 2002). This paper will examin e two areas that focus on the importance of cultural understanding in international entrepreneurship. The first will comprise of how entrepreneurs who expand into international markets must know how to think globally in order to design and adopt strategies for different nations as a business ventures into an uncertain market. The second part will explore how psychological adaptation of the individual entering a foreign culture is interconnected with the international entrepreneur. Entrepreneurs can expand their business by participating in the global market; as every year thousands of small business enterprises are actively engaged in the international field. International entrepreneurship studies have started to focus on specific topics that confront entrepreneurs as they expand their new ventures (Zahra, Korri, Yu, 2005). The definition of international entrepreneurship in this paper will focus on the process of creatively discovering and exploiting opportunities that lie outside of a firms domestic markets in the pursuit of competitive advantage (Zahra George, 2002); across national borders, to create future goods and services (Oviatt McDougall, 2005). This meaning incorporates the process aspect of international entrepreneurship, which focuses on a central issue of why some individuals exploit international opportunities while others equally well placed do not act on them (Zahra, Korri, Yu, 2005). Globalization is a process fuelled by increasing cross border flows of goods, services, money, people, information, and culture (Held et al., 1999, p. 16). However, the use of this term will refer to Guillà ©ns (2001) definition of globalization as a process leading to greater interdependence and mutual awareness among participants in general. Guillà ©n (2001) combines the understanding of globalization as the intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole, and as the diffusion of practices, values and technology that have an influence on peoples lives worldwide (Guillà ©n, 2001). Noticing opportunities is normally more difficult in international settings, and the level of uncertainty that the potential entrepreneur must undergo will also be greater. Entrepreneurs able to function successfully in international settings may be both more skilled at noticing opportunities and have a greater capacity to endure the uncertainty associated with international entrepreneurship (Lu Beaamish, 2001). Noticing opportunities is normally more difficult in international settings, and the level of uncertainty that the potential entrepreneur must endure will also be greater (Coviello, 2006). Oviatt and McDougall (2005) emphasized that international entrepreneurs display the intention to compete in multiple locales at the inception of the firm to exploit existing international opportunities and would have the intention to do so when they started their firms (McNaughton, 2003). Starting a firm is a difficult process under the best of circumstances. International business scholars have traditionally argued that internationalization is difficult because firms had to overcome a liability of foreignness, although Johanson and Vahlne (2009) have recently acknowledge that being part of an effective network and prior knowledge can greatly accelerate the international entrepreneurship process. This liability of foreignness was based on the fact that firms and entrepreneurs lacked knowledge about doing business in other countries, which meant they had to endure the costs of learning and the discomfort of uncertainty (Lu Beaamish 2001). However, by positioning themselves in relevan t networks, or because of their past experience, many entrepreneurs have high levels of operational knowledge about foreign markets. In this manner, the traditional approaches for dealing with the liability of foreignness of either imitating local firms or by transferring unique organizational or managerial competences to their foreign unit (Sapienza et al., 2006) have been supplemented with a knowledge component, which is more related to uncertainty. There has been an acknowledgement that firms could begin to internationalize sooner and Sapienza et al. (2006, p. 915) suggest that the earlier a firm internationalizes, the more deeply imprinted its dynamic capability for exploiting opportunities in foreign markets will be. Others have pointed out the benefits of internationalizing earlier, or at least exporting at an earlier stage (Kundu Katz 2003). This may be because although there is a cost to learning, early entrants begin this process sooner (Autio, Sapienza, Almeida, 2000) an d at least some suggest they should do this before they actually start the firm (Coviello, 2006). An entrepreneur who would like to take advantage of international markets may have to study a foreign language, may have lived abroad and may be face with culture shock. Entrepreneurs must realize their companys competitive advantage such as: technology, price, financial superiority, or marketing, product innovation, an efficient distribution network or possession of exclusive information about the foreign market (Sapienza et al., 2006). Declining market conditions at home may cause entrepreneurs to seek foreign markets to help their business. Successful global entrepreneurs should have the following characteristics: a global vision, international management experience, innovative marketing or technology processes, a strong international business network, and effective organizational coordination worldwide (Lee, Peng, Barney, 2007). When global opportunities occur, entrepreneurs are likely more open-minded about internationalizing. The advantage of international trade is that a companys market is expanded much and growth prospects are greatly raised. Other advantages include minimizing seasonal slumps, reducing idle capacity, getting knowledgeable about products not sold in target markets, technology used in other countries, and learning about other cultures (Johnson, Lenartowicz, Apud, 2006). Before going to a foreign market, it is essential to study the unique culture of the potential consumers. Concepts of how the product is used, psychographics, demographics, and political norms as well as legal normally differ from an entrepreneurs home country (Miller Parkhe, 2002). De Tienne Chandler (2004) suggest that entrepreneurs must consider five factors relative to the country and cultures that the business venture will inhabit. First, they must study foreign government regulations: patent, import regulations, t rademark laws, and copyright that affect their products. Second, they must know political climate: relationship between business and government or public attitudes and political events in a given country affect foreign business transactions. Third, they must consider infrastructure: packaging, distribution system, and shipping of their export product. Fourth, they must research distribution channels: accepted trade both retail and wholesale, service charges and normal commissions, distribution agreements and laws pertain to agency. And fifth, they must study competition: number of competitors in target nations and their market share, as well as their price, place, product and promotion. Additionally, they must find market size: of their product stability, size, country by country, and know what nations are markets expanding, opening, maturing, or declining (De Tienne Chandler, 2004). Eventually, entrepreneurs must understand culture of their products. Small businesses can study int ernational cultures by business travel, participating in training programs, reading the current literature, and undertaking formal educational programs. Small business, who wants to sell product on a worldwide basis must realize different standardization in each country. In some cases, goods must be adapted for different local markets if it is to be accepted and consumer goods always require much more adaptation (Johanson Vahlne, 2009). One issue related to international opportunity is why individuals in home countries are not the ones that take action on these opportunities, which would seem logical, as they are better positioned to notice. This question is especially important because research indicates that local firms usually have higher levels of performance than do foreign firms (Miller Parkhe, 2002). While the matter of liability of foreignness is present in some cases, this relates to firms competing in the same industry. Thus, when locals begin to imitate the foreign firm, they may in fact end up with higher levels of performance, because of factors such as lower lawsuit awards (Mezias, 2002). However, national average levels of entrepreneurship to uncertainty, opportunity, and cognition uncertainty avoidance are not identical across countries (Hofstede, 2001). This suggests that although it is possible that both a local and foreigner notice a specific opportunity at the same time, the local may not act fo r both the fear of failure and stigma attached to that failure in certain cultures (Lee, Peng, Barney, 2007). Thus, the potential entrepreneur must also be willing to endure the uncertainty associated with acting on these opportunities. To gain insight into effective professional task performance across cultures, an understanding of effective communication and psychological adaptation has to be complemented by an exploration of the effect of culture on task process. Over the last few years studies on cross cultural competencies in different professional fields have started to emerge. Examining the relationship between national culture and entrepreneurship is an important emerging subject matter in international entrepreneurship (Hayton, George, Zahra, 2002). The sociological viewpoint on entrepreneurship proposes that entrepreneurs are intertwined in a social framework and their cognitive process and behaviours are shaped by the interactions between the environment and entrepreneur (Zahr, Korri, Yu, 2005). There is also evidence of the impact of national cultural values on the characteristics and behaviour of individual entrepreneurs (Mitchell et al., 2002). Mitchell et al. (2002) confirmed that entrepreneurs share a set of cultural values, regardless of their national origin or cultural background. However, it appears that whilst some core values are shared across different countries and cultures, some of the behaviours of individual entrepreneurs reflect the value system of their respected national culture. With regards to adaptation in international entrepreneurship, entering into a foreign environment is not a transition for the business venture alone. The actors, international entrepreneurs, involved are also plunging into same the foreign environment (Hofstede, 2001). Entering a new culture means commencing to share a pattern of thinking, feeling, reacting, and problem-solving (Saee, 1999). Cross-cultural psychology argues that unfamiliar cultural territory negatively affects an individuals affective, both the sense making and cognitive mechanisms, and undermines the appropriateness and effectiveness of their behavioural responses (Maznevski Lane, 2004). This happens when individuals are unable to accurately perceive and interpret the alien cultural environment, nor explain or predict the behaviour of people with different cultural backgrounds (Maznevski Lane, 2004). Evidence suggests that exposure to a foreign cultural environment can cause culture shock, a psychological conditio n which adversely affects psychological and affective states (Johnson et al., 2006). Saee (1999) contends that opportunity identification competencies developed in an entrepreneurs home cultural environment may not be sufficient to perceive a high level of entrepreneurial self-efficacy about performing the task of identifying opportunities across borders and cultures. Cross-cultural studies have explored the challenges that a foreign cultural environment poses to human behaviour, cognition, and professional performance. Human behaviour is considered the coping mechanism that individuals consequently develop. Some researchers suggest that building this coping mechanism, in individuals, amounts to developing a global mindset or cultural intelligence (Maznevski Lane, 2004; Early Mosakowski, 2004). According to Maznevski and Lane (2004, p. 172), a global mindset is the ability to develop and interpret criteria for personal and business performance that are independent from the assumptions of a single country, culture, or context; then to adequately implement those in different countries, cultures, and contexts. Cultural intelligence is seen as the ability to interpret the foreigners behaviour the way the foreigners countryman would (Earley Mosakowsi, 2004). Cross-cultural competence is defined as the appropriateness and effectiveness of ones behavi our in a foreign cultural environment (Mitchell et al., 2000). Psychological adaptation is considered the centre point of personal traits and attributes that help generate internal responses in an unfamiliar environment by managing stress (Saee, 1999). Successful adaptation to a host cultural environment requires the abilities to be mindful, to tolerate ambiguity, and the ability to explain and make accurate predictions of strangers behaviour (Saee, 1999). This also includes the levels of anxiety and uncertainty that affect the intercultural encounter (Saee, 1999). CONCLUSION: International entrepreneurs actually face greater uncertainty than is generally common in more established businesses, which benefit from learning and experience, because international entrepreneurship is about the implementation of a new innovative business. There is an uncertainty to entrepreneurship and the role it plays in initiating the process. Mitchell et al., (2000) observes that entrepreneurial action is a result of overcoming and paralysis that is caused by the uncertainty that precedes the entrepreneurial act. Guillà ©n (2001) adds that the key concept that entrepreneurs create new combinations, which become the innovations that are the engine of economic growth. The entrepreneur is likely to see the opportunity as relatively certain. This is important with regards to international entrepreneurship in that exploiting an international opportunity requires more than dealing with operational certainty; there is also a high level of cultural uncertainty that the entrepreneur has to endure to ensure the new ventures prosperity. The volume of research on international entrepreneurship supports the notion that a period of domestic development is no longer necessary for many firms and that international entrepreneurship is possible at the time the firm is established or shortly thereafter. However, consideration must be taken with respect to the foreign culture a venture will go into and the psychological affects upon the entrepreneurs joining in the venture. Effective operation in the globalised economy requires that entrepreneurs develop new skills and competencies. Some of these skills and competences are needed to deal with national and regional cultural differences that are becoming intense with the continuance of globalisation (De Tienne Chandler, 2004). (Authors) believe that current and future international entrepreneurs need to develop cross-cultural competence to successfully identify business opportunities.

Birmingham Airport Essay

Question 1: List some of the micro operations to be found at Birmingham International Airport. i) Baggage handling operation ii) Ground cress loading and unloading operation iii) Airline ticketing operation iv) Information dispensing operation v) Cleaning operation vi) Customer services operation vii) Technical maintenance operation viii) Fire alert operation Each of these micro operations played a significant role at Birmingham International Airport to improve their business operations. a) Identify the main transforming and transformed resources. Operations management can defined as a set of components that can related into a set of input become desired output. Furthermore, this conversion is called the transformation process that is view as the technical core. Basically, the main transforming and transformed resources are baggage handling operation, give some information desk, checking passport control and security checks.Hence, the objective is to produce outputs that important for the customers. This process generates the internal information as a part of feedback process. Furthermore, this significant part is to aim serve with every customer well and keep it to running the process safely on time. b) State which is the predominant transformed resources, i.e., customers, materials, or information.   Each state of micro operations has different role that are based on customers, materials or information. There are three micro operations are based on customers at Birmingham International Airport. First, micro operation based on customers is baggage handling operations that do the sorting, checking and dispatching bags to the many departing aircrafts. Second, micro operation based on customers is airline-ticketing operation that deals with lines of passengers, each of who may have different final destination. Third, micro operation based on customers is customer services operations that give passengers information from information desk which is  always fully manned, dealing with many queries that people want to know if their plane is on time, location and how to work out to get a faster road to their final destination. There are three micro operations are based on materials at Birmingham International Airport. First, micro operation based on material is ground cress loading and unloading operation, such as aircraft or putting meals on board. Second, micro operation based on material is cleaning operation that does the cleaning of aircraft during their brief spell at the air bridge. The only micro operation based on information is information dispensing operation. Its task is to give the passengers who needed of information, who need information about the airline, transportation, lodging, and etc. c) Describe the output of each micro operation and say who you think its customers are. The output and customer of micro operation for baggage handling operation is the sending baggages to the cargo and inspected baggages. Therefore, customers are from each departing aircraft that carries their respective baggage. Conversely, the output for the next micro operation, which is loading and unloading from aircraft, is the service to load and unload from the aircraft. Furthermore, customer for loading and unloading on aircraft is the serviced aircraft. Output for micro operation of airline ticketing operation is to provide tickets for passengers with different final destination and the customer for this operation is the airline passenger. The next output for information-dispensing operation is to provide information for people that needed to be helped. Beside that, customer for information dispensing operation is the people needing the information regarding the airline and its services. Output of micro operation of cleaning operation is to provide a cleaned place with the purpose to give passengers the proper basic services and good image on the airliner. So, the customer for cleaning operation is all the cleaned places. Output for good stocking operation is the checked and stocked goods. The customer is the sufficiently stocked store in Birmingham International Airport. The output of micro operation of technical maintenance operation is the maintained and  repaired airline facility and vehicles at Birmingham International Airport. The customer is the airline facilities and vehicles that required constant maintenance and services. The output for fire alert operation is the fully trained fire crew so that they are alert of any fire accident all the time. Its customer is the airline customers and Birmingham International Airport, of which they are the one benefited from the help of fire crews in case of any mishaps happened. Question 2: What would you say are the main problems in designing, planning, controlling and improving an airport? The main problem in designing is each part of the airport has to be carefully designed to fulfill the job today. The main problems in planning are each part of the operation has to be planned so that it has enough staff, enough stock, enough space, the appropriate passengers, the correct baggage, the right planes, the proper equipment, in the right place at the right time. The staffs involved from the airport, airlines and associated organizations have to undertake all the tasks they have been given so that the operations work smoothly. The manager has to ensure that an airport has the right quantity and quality of employees doing the right things in the right place at the right time and at right cost to the airport. The manager has to make sure that everything goes smoothly all the time according with his or her planned. The main problem in controlling is managers must control these operations to ensure that all goes to plan and meets the needs of the present customers and upcoming customers. The manager has to monitoring and regulating performance to ensure that it conforms to the plans and goals of the Birmingham International Airport. In controlling, the manager also has to taking the appropriate corrective action to ensure that what is actually happening is in accordance with the expectations of the planning process that does not necessarily involve cracking down on staff who are not performing to the expected standards, but it may also mean reviewing the plans and implementing them where it can be demonstrated that they were defective in same way or that conditions have changed. The main problems in improving are managers have to look to improving what they do and how they  do it in order to keep up with the track in this rapidly changing world.

The History of Gillette and Schick Razors

Men have been slaves to their facial hair  pretty much since they first walked upright. A couple of inventors have made the process of trimming it or getting rid of it entirely  easier over the years and their razors and shavers are still widely used today. Gillette  Razors Enter the Market Patent No. 775,134 was granted to King C. Gillette for a â€Å"safety razor† on November 15, 1904. Gillette was born in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin in 1855 and became a traveling salesman to support himself after his family’s home was destroyed in the Chicago Fire of 1871. His work led him to William Painter, the inventor of the disposable Crown Cork bottle cap. Painter told Gillette that a successful invention was one that was purchased over and over again by satisfied customers. Gillette took this advice to heart. After several years of considering and rejecting a number of possible inventions, Gillette suddenly had a brilliant idea while shaving one morning. An entirely new razor flashed in his mind—one with a safe, inexpensive and disposable blade. American men would no longer have to regularly send their razors out for sharpening. They could toss out their old blades and reapply new ones. Gillette’s invention would also fit neatly in the hand, minimizing cuts and nicks. It was a stroke of genius, but it took another six years for Gillette’s idea to come to  fruition. Technical experts told Gillette that it was impossible to produce steel that was hard enough, thin enough and inexpensive enough for the commercial development of a disposable razor blade. That was until MIT graduate William Nickerson agreed to try his hand at it in 1901, and two years later, he had succeeded. Production of the Gillette safety razor and blade began when the Gillette Safety Razor Company started their operations in South Boston. Over time, sales grew steadily. The U.S. government issued Gillette safety razors to the entire armed forces during World War I and over three million razors and 32 million blades were put into military hands. By the end of the war, an entire nation was converted to the Gillette  safety razor. In the 1970s, Gillette began sponsoring international sporting events  such as the Gillette Cricket Cup, the FIFA World Cup, and Formula One racing. Schick  Razors   It was an inventive U.S. Army Lieutenant Colonel named Jacob Schick who first conceived of the electric razor that initially bore his name. Colonel Schick patented the first such razor on November 1928 after deciding that a dry shave was the way to go. So the Magazine Repeating Razor Company was born. Schick subsequently sold his interest in the company to American Chain and Cable, which continued to sell the razor until 1945. In 1935, ACC introduced the Schick Injector Razor, an idea in which Schick held the patent.  The Eversharp Company ultimately bought the rights to the razor in 1946. The Magazine Repeating Razor Company would become the Schick Safety Razor Company and use the same razor concept to launch a similar product for women in 1947. Teflon-coated stainless steel blades were later introduced in 1963 for a smoother shave. As part of the arrangement, Eversharp slid its own name onto the product, sometimes in conjunction with the Schick logo.

The Catholic Church and Birth Control - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1452 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/07/03 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Birth Control Essay Did you like this example? The Catholic church and birth control, sin or not? As this topic was being researched, the main point and question in need of an answer was, how has the Catholic Church dealt with the issue of birth control since the 1960s? According to a couple articles along with actual people who attend the Catholic church 2-3 days a week, it appears that the perspective on birth control remains the same for some mostly due to the Bible remaining the same but of course there are other various and different beliefs that surround birth control that could and have changed all throughout time with technology progressions. To start off, before getting into the articles along with the information they have provided for this specific research. I would like to start with the information I was able to collect after getting the opportunity to speak to some of the older members of the St. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Catholic Church and Birth Control" essay for you Create order Jude Catholic church here in Sarasota, Fl. I with the help of one of the church coordinators we got together to find out what day would best be helpful when it came to the most elderly and religious people attending the mass. As soon as I got knowledge of the best day to attend and listen to the mass, I began to think about important questions to ask so the information I gained would be as relevant to my research topic as possible. As I approached the elderly after mass, I clarified the reason behind my questions and what I would be using the answers for. I also let them know that I would keep all information anonymous. The questions I asked were Before the 1960s what were your views on birth control?, Your perspective on the church believing that only sex in marriage was not a sin, but the pleasure in sex was, Now that the times have changed, have your perspectives on contraceptives changed, or do you still believe that it is a sin?. Most of the elderly did not feel comfortable speaking to someone about something they felt more personal and something they should not be talking about with a complete stranger. But all in all, I was able to get answers from 6 elders and all of their responses were with no surprise at all, the same. They all agree with the use of contraception being a sin because you are preventing a human being from being created. Especially when in the Bible it states Rom.1:26-27- sexual acts without the possibility of procreation is sinful. Self-giving love is life-giving love or love is a lie. The unitive and procrea tive elements of marital love can never be divided, or marital love is also divided, and God is left out of the marriage.. They all also agreed on that yes, times have changed, but not God. Gods beliefs will remain the same so should all of the catholic followers beliefs. Now, to get to more factual and more web searched part of the research. According to the article How the Catholic Church came to oppose birth control, birth control increased in availability and the size of Catholic families began to decrease in size due to it. The Catholic papacys response to these changes was to make teachings on birth control more visible and a priority for the church and its members. This article also talks about 1930s pronouncement called Casti Canubiis on birth control. This pronouncement not only did it declare birth control evil, but it also said that any spouse who practiced such act, violated the law of God and nature and was permanently stained with a mortal flaw. To give a little bit more details, the Catholic church made it clear that all contraception; condoms, diaphragms, the rhythm method, and the withdrawal method were forbidden and frowned upon. The only way permissible to prevent pregnancy was abstinence. But, 1960 was the year that viewpoints and perspectives could possibly change, for the better. According to the article by PBS The Catholic church and Birth Control, in 1960 the birth control pill arrived. The pill was going to be up for discussion within the church to either forbid it or allow the use o f it. The reason it was going to be discussed was because the Catholic church had in previous years forbidden the use of artificial birth control, but the pill would be considered natural. The PBS article explained that the pro-pill Catholics had a very important ally on their side when fighting for the permission of the use of the birth control pill. This ally was Dr.Gregory Pincus, this was the Catholic physician that had carried out the Pill trials. Dr. Gregory was able to argue that the pill was indeed natural because the pill used the same hormones already present in the female reproductive system and did into tamper with sperm with this asking the church to view the pill as a natural form of contraception. Though it took the church took eight years to decide its policy on the Pill. The Pill ended up becoming the most popular method of birth control amongst women, no matter the religion. Along with the church forbidding any contraception and giving the reason that it is murder, the church also gave the reason that If you are in a marriage with someone you should procreate no matter what. It is what is expected as you are having sexual intercourse with your spouse and it is what God wants and the Catholics should do as he says. Two articles, Marriage in the eyes of God and the church and The Bible on contraception, both emphasize the Catholics interpretation of marriage along with the Bible. The first article is Marriage in the eyes of God and the church. This article speaks about marital love. It explains that marital love is when a husband and a wife come together as one flesh, with this participating in Gods creative love. Where they not only come together as one, but they have the ab ility to create new life. The article includes that throughout the Bible it is said that we find the birth of children as a blessing from God and a sign of the living covenant between God, husband and wife. The second article The Bible on contraception, quotes to parts of the Bible that are quoted amongst people to show the disapproval on contraception. The first is God commanded his people to Be fruitful and multiply, and contraception is seen as specifically flouting this instruction. But this Bible phrase is usually rebutted because as we have seen times changed we have in fact noticed that the use of contraception has not stopped many from being fruitful and multiplying as God wants us all to. The second Bible phrase is Onan was killed by God for spilling his seed, which is often taken as divine condemnation of coitus interruptus. This phrase has two different interpretations when it comes to what it could possibly mean but only the first interpretation has to do with the topic of birth control. The first interpretation the article describes is that God may have been mad at Onan for having sex for a purpose other than having children. This one interpretation being in support that birth control is morally wrong. It also tries to imply that there is only one kind of acceptable sexual act, which is, sex between a man and a woman wh o are married and who are only having sex to have children and not just for pleasure. This bringing back up the PBS article the catholic church and Birth Control where it states that for the Vatican the primary purpose of intercourse was for the sacred act of precreation and that if a couple was interested in having intercourse, then they had to be willing to accept the potential for the creation of another life. It Is now 2018 and if it is thought about, birth control (specifically the pill) use was on a rise when it was being forbidden by the Catholic church and the Pope himself. Imagine how high the use of birth control is now that it has been well developed and that the mindsets of many people have changed. There is an online graph on The Pill demographics that shows the increased use of birth control more importantly the pill itself. The article After 50 years, a Popes birth control message still divides the Catholics, in fact talks about Pope Paul VI Humanae Vitae message which means of human life, human life came from God, belongs to God, and goes back to God. Which is still an important piece of the discussion when it comes to Catholic church and birth control.

Analysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter

Marin Fallon Mrs. Janosy English 2H 23 November 2015 Sin in the The Scarlet Letter The story of The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne is one with many twists and turns. A young woman moves to Boston, Massachusetts while her husband takes care of affairs in England. After two years pass she secretly has an affair with the Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale. When she becomes pregnant and gives birth to her daughter Pearl, the town punishes her for committing the act of adultery. She is sentenced to stand on the town scaffold for public embarrassment and to wear a letter â€Å"A† on her bosom for the rest of her life. As she stands there she sees her husband from England in the crowd, who later threatens to find the father of the child and seek his†¦show more content†¦He knew that he was going to commit a sin but he did not know what the repercussions would be. â€Å"In a word, Old Roger Chillingworth was a striking evidence of man’s faculty of transforming himself into a devil, if he will only, for a reasonable spac e of time, undertake a devil’s office.† (Pg 140). Chillingworth gets a great deal of pleasure from torturing Dimmesdale. The narrator of the novel goes as far as to say that he is transforming himself into a devil. He feels this is the only thing that makes him happy. Similar to the devil, inflicting pain on others is the only way he feels happy. â€Å"After Mr. Dimmesdale’s death, a remarkable change took place in the appearance and personality of the old man known as Roger Chillingworth. All his strength and energy, all his physical and intellectual force, seemed to leave him at once. He withered up, shriveled away, and almost vanished from human sight, like an uprooted weed that wilts in the sun. This sad man had made the pursuit of revenge the one mission in his life.† (citation) Chillingworth spent a majority of his life torturing and getting revenge on Dimmesdale. Once Dimmesdale was gone, the purpose of his life was gone. Chillingworth had been livi ng his life for this and as soon as it went away he deteriorated. The sin was the sole purpose of his life and it ultimately lead to his demise. Hester is the only character in the novel that has a Analysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter Conformation Paragraphs Erika Bloes 11 / 19 / 15 Mr. Keating Block 6 Throughout, â€Å"The Scarlet Letter,† Hawthorne is able to enhance the plot by intricately incorporating symbols which represent a deeper meaning. One of which, is the infamous, and ambiguous, scarlet letter that lays upon the bosom of Hester Prynne. In the beginning of the book, the audience is immediately introduced to the scarlet letter as a symbol of shame and adultery. The narrator describes the Puritan society as very judgemental and harsh. Comments like, â€Å"This woman has brought shame upon us all, and ought to die,† creates this negative and unwelcoming atmosphere which surrounds Hester for a majority of the book. From then on, the Puritans constantly refer to the†¦show more content†¦For example, on page 51 the narrator says, â€Å"But the point which drew all eyes, and, as it were, transfigured the wearer--so that both men and women who had been familiarly acquainted with Hester Prynne were now impressed as if they beheld her for the first time- -was that SCARLET LETTER, so fantastically embroidered and illuminated upon her bosom. It had the effect of a spell, taking her out of the ordinary relations with humanity, and enclosing her in a sphere by herself.† By so carefully embroidering this letter, Hester reconstructs the meaning behind the letter from criticism and sin to individuality and dictates how she wants herself to appear towards society. The letter becomes apart of her identity and especially her strength. Even though Hester could ve easily given up on herself, she was able to push through the criticism and create an alternate ending for herself and her child and this is represented in the scarlet letter and its beauty. Furthermore, towards the end of the book, the scarlet letter becomes a representation of the overall struggle that Hester had to overcome throughout the book. The initial point of the scarlet letter was to remind Hester of the adulterous act she had committed. However, towards the end of th e book the letter â€Å"A† stood as a symbol of light. Even the puritan society reflected upon this symbol as relating to â€Å"able† and Analysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter Botts 1 McKenzie Botts Mrs. Eron English 2330, Section 02 November 10, 2014 A Sin is a Sin Nathaniel Hawthorne was a brilliant writer of the 19th century. Hawthorne created a novel that reflected the time period of the Puritans in New England. The Scarlet Letter contains a representation of the people during that time period but can also be related to the reader’s time period. Originally, God created the world with complete perfection until man fell, and sin entered the world. In the eyes of God, a sin is a sin. There is no worse sin that one can commit. Man is the one that decided that one sin could be more harshly judged than another. Hawthorne uses the theme of sin to show the importance of one’s faith and conviction and how those principles relate to fallen sinners. In The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne and Arthur Dimmesdale committed adultery. The Puritans decided that God’s judgment was not enough for Hester, and therefore, she needed to be humiliated and isolated from everyone in that town. Christians are called to bring people to God not condemn. â€Å"Let God punish! Thou shalt forgive† (Hawthorne 557). The sin committed by Hester and Dimmesdale was a sin of passion. A sin of passion is a sin that is committed in the moment. Hawthorne develops his whole novel around the sin of these two people. With every sin committed, there are consequences that follow. Hawthorne uses this sin to show how consequences affect those directly involved and those that are not. It is trueShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter Essay1234 Words   |  5 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne, in The Scarlet Letter, and Daniel Solove in his piece about â€Å"Shaming and the Digital Scarlet Letter† show that one who lives two lives with two dual personalities, purposefully or accidentally, can live the lie for only so long before he makes a mistake, becomes confused, and betrays his identity. The two lives that one leads most often have one persona used to conceal the other personality that society typically shuns, and he chooses to have these two personalities. He choosesRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter 1452 Words   |  6 PagesJunhee Chung A.P English Language August 20, 2015 Novel Analysis Assignment The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne Plot and Conflict The Crucible is a story that revolves around the Salem Witch Trials. The novel takes place in Salem Massachusetts in 1692. It starts off with the local pastor, Reverend Parris, catching a group of girls, one of them his daughter and one of them being his niece, practicing witchcraft in the woods. Abigail is the leader of the group of girls, and her motive forRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter 1606 Words   |  7 PagesMarin Fallon Mrs. Janosy English 2H 23 November 2015 Sin in the The Scarlet Letter The story of The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne is one with many twists and turns. A young woman moves to Boston, Massachusetts while her husband takes care of affairs in England. After two years pass she secretly has an affair with the Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale. When she becomes pregnant and gives birth to her daughter Pearl, the town punishes her for committing the act of adultery. 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In addition, Hawthorne uses the townspeople of B oston, such as the old women in the town,Read MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter 1128 Words   |  5 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne was an American novelist and short story writer.He was born in Masasschusetts in 1804 , whose father was a sea captain.He was descedant as a Puritan family known for their attacks on Quakers , Indians and ‘’witches ‘’.Therefore when he was 20 years old , he added a ‘’w’’ to his original name â€Å"†Hathorne’’ as a distance to his family past . Hawthorne ‘s characterists were described as a shy ,solitary ,idle student at school , who prefered reading as a lifestyle.He was graduatedRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter 1071 Words   |  5 PagesMrs. Jackson 16 December 2015 A Sinner Defined by The Scarlet Letter Society has not changed as far as labeling people and probably never will. In the Puritan society they branded, tortured, and defined human beings the way they saw them even though they did not know how the person they were humiliating truly was. Hester Prynne is a good example of this in the novel The Scarlet Letter written by the author Nathaniel Hawthorne. Hawthorne is using the character Hester in this novel to show how societyRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s Scarlet Letter 1392 Words   |  6 PagesAP Short Form â€Å"Scarlett Letter† AP English Language and Composition Title: Scarlet Letter Author and Date of Publication: Nathaniel Hawthorne, Publication in 1850 Significance of the Title: This book was titled The Scarlet Letter because the plot of the novel is centered around the question of who, besides Hetser is the other adulteress. 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